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Biology Leaving Cert > The Senses > Flashcards

The Senses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

five senses

A

smell: through nasal passages
taste: tongue (bitter,sweet,salty,sour)
touch: skin
hearing: ear
sight: eye

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2
Q

central nervous system function

A

interprets, sorts and processes incoming impulses

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3
Q

skull

A

protects brain

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4
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

meninges

A

protects brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain
located in forebrain
functions:
-sorts impulses specifically from sensory neurons
-memory, emotions, language, smell, hearing, vision, taste

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7
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

cerebellum

A

located in hind brain

-control and co ordination of voluntary movements: speech, movement, balance

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9
Q

medulla oblongata

A

located in part of brainstem

-controls involuntary actions: breathing, swallowing

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10
Q

thalamus

A

located in forebrain

-sorts impulses and sends to the correct part of the brain

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11
Q

the skin functions

A

protection
-epidermis protects against entry of pathogens
-melanin: protects against UV rays
-sebum: keeps skin moist, protects skin from cracking, acid nature kills bacteria
excretion
temperature regulation
vit D production

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12
Q

epidermis cells

A

produce keratin
build up of keratin causes hardening of cells
more keratin causes cells in cornified layer to dei

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13
Q

malpighian layer

A

produces melanin

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14
Q

dermis

A

contains connective tissue, protects internal organs

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15
Q

skin in hot conditions

A

skin receptors detect a change in temperature, send message to the brain:

  • more sweat is produced by sweat glands
  • vasodilation of skin arterioles
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16
Q

vasodilation of skin arterioles

A

blood vessels near surface of the skin dilate
more blood flows near skin surface
heat lost by evaporation of sweat

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17
Q

skin in cold conditions

A

skin receptors detect a change in temperature, send message to the brain:

  • piloerection
  • vasoconstriction of skin arterioles
  • increased metabolism
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18
Q

increased metabolism

A

more thyroxine produced, more heat generated from respiration

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19
Q

the ear functions

A

hearing

balance

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20
Q

pinna

A

structure: cartilage
function: collect sound waves and channels them into the auditory canal

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21
Q

auditory canal

A

carries vibrations to eardrum

contains hair and wax glands to trap dirt and germs

22
Q

eardrum

A

membrane that vibrates when sounds hit

differences in air pressure cause vibrations

23
Q

eustachian tube

A

location: connects middle ear to the pharynx
function: keeps air pressure equal on each side of the eardrum
how: opens when we swallow, cough

24
Q

ossicles

A

3 small bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup

pick up and amplify the sound

25
Q

how sound is amplified

A

oval window is smaller than eardrum

26
Q

cochlea

A

electrical impulse generated by cochlea travel to brain via auditory nerve
vibrations stimulated as pressure waves in lymph
these pressure waves stimulate receptors
vibrations lost back into the middle ear at the round window

27
Q

semi-circular canals

A

three to allow balance in three planes

function: balance and posture
how: controlled by vestibular apparatus, detects position and movement of head, receptors send impulses through the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum

28
Q

how sound is detected/ mechanism of the ear

A
  1. sound waves are collected by the pinna
  2. waves travel along the ear canal
  3. waves make the eardrum vibrate
  4. ossicles amplify vibrations
  5. cochlea turns these into electrical signals
  6. auditory nerve takes signals to the brain
29
Q

ear disorder

A

glue ear
cause: collection of sticky fluid in middle ear as a result of a blocked eustachian tube
symptoms: pain, pus formation, hearing loss
treatment: nose drops with decongestants
grommet (drains fluid)

30
Q

the eye function

A

sight

31
Q

accomodation

A

ability of the lens to change its shape

32
Q

eyelids

A

cover and protect the eye

eyelashes and tears provide external protection

33
Q

sclera

A

holds shape of the eye

opaque white of the eye

34
Q

conjuctiva

A

transparent part of the sclera that protects sclera from infection

35
Q

pupil

A

allows light into eye
bright light: pupil constricts so less light can enter, avoids damage to retina
dim light: pupil dilates to increase amount of light entering eye

36
Q

iris

A

controls the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil contracting

37
Q

what gives eye colour

A

melanin

38
Q

lens

A

focuses the light rays on the retina by changing curvature with the help of the ciliary body
adaption: transparent, curved

39
Q

ciliary body

A

controls shape of the lens when looking at near or far objects

40
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

attach ciliary body to lens

41
Q

cornea

A

lets light in and bends light rays towards the retina

adaptation: transparent and curved

42
Q

retina

A

contains light receptor cells and converts light into nerve impulses

43
Q

light receptor cells

A

rods: at retina, detect black and white and vision in dim light
cones: at fovea, detect colour and vision in bright light

44
Q

fovea

A

part of the retina that contains cones

where light rays join and an accurate image is focused

45
Q

choroid

A

contains blood vessels supplying nourishment to the eye

contains melanin, which absorbs light into the eye and prevents internal reflection

46
Q

aqueous humour

A

watery
keeps shape of the cornea and lens
located in front of the eye between the cornea and lens

47
Q

vitreous humour

A

viscous
exerts pressure to support eye and gives shape
located in back of the eye behind the lens

48
Q

blind spot

A

an area with no rods and cones on the retina

allows optic nerve fibres to pass through the retina and leave the eye

49
Q

optic nerve

A

contains axons that carry optic nerve impulses to the cerebrum

50
Q

cerebrum

A

interprets information received from retina and gives vision

51
Q

how the eye takes in light and transmits the impulse to the brain

A
  1. the pupil allows light into the eye and is controlled by the iris, depending on how much light the eye is exposed to
  2. cornea bends light toward the retina
  3. lens focuses light on the retina
  4. light rays join at the fovea and an accurate image is focused
  5. retina converts light into electrical impulses
  6. optic nerve carries the nerve impulses to the cerebrum where they are interpreted
52
Q

benefits of having two eyes

A

increased visual field

3D vision

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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