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Biology Leaving Cert > The Human Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Human Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

puberty

A

the beginning of sexual maturity

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2
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

features that are essential for reproduction, ie ovaries, testes

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3
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

physical features that distinguish males from females, not including the sex organs
males - deep voice, facial hair
females - enlargement of breasts, widening of pelvis

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4
Q

semen

A

fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid

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5
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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6
Q

haploid

A

one of each type of chromosome in the nucleus

n=23

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7
Q

diploid

A

two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus

n=46

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8
Q

mitosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

meiosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which the daughter nuclei contain half the chromosome number of the parent nucleus

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10
Q

ovulation

A

the release of an egg from an ovary

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11
Q

implantation

A

the embedding of the fertilised egg into the endometrium

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12
Q

the menstrual cycle

A

a monthly cycle that occurs in females if fertilisation has not taken place
its role is to produce eggs and prepare the uterus for pregnancy

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13
Q

menstruation

A

the shedding of the endometrium during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle

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14
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers, produced in specialised glands, and transported in the blood to a target organ where they have their effect
chemical nature: made of protein

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15
Q

feedback

A

production (or inhibition) of one hormone inhibits (or stimulates) the production of itself (or another hormone)

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16
Q

negative feedback

A

when a high level of a hormone in the blood inhibits the production of another hormone

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17
Q

menopause

A

when ovulation and menstruation stop happening in a female

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18
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote

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19
Q

fertile period

A

the time during the menstrual cycle when an egg may be fertilised

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20
Q

infertility

A

the inability to produce gametes or offspring

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21
Q

in-vitro fertilisation

A

removing the gametes (egg and sperm) and fertilising (fusing) them outside the body

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22
Q

copulation

A

the act of sexual reproduction

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23
Q

ejaculation

A

the release of semen into the vagina

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24
Q

birth control

A

methods employed to limit the number of children that are born

25
Q

contraception

A

preventing the egg and sperm from meeting

26
Q

morula

A

a solid ball of cells

27
Q

blastocyst

A

fluid filled ball of cells

28
Q

lactation

A

the secretion of milk from the mammary glands

29
Q

breastfeeding

A

the feeding of a baby/infant directly from the breast

30
Q

testes

A

produce sperm by meiosis (exocrine function) and testosterone (endocrine function)

31
Q

scrotum

A

hold testes at 2°C lower than body temp. for optimum sperm production

32
Q

epididymus

A

stores sperm and allow them to mature

33
Q

sperm ducts (vas deferens)

A

carry sperm from the epididymus to the urethra

34
Q

seminal vesicles/prostate gland/cowper’s gland

A

add seminal fluid to the sperm to form semen

35
Q

seminal fluid

A

contains fructose to nourish the sperm

medium for sperm to swim

36
Q

urethra

A

transports semen through penis

37
Q

testosterone

A

male hormone responsible for sperm production and development of secondary sexual characteristics

38
Q

sperm lifecycle in the female reproductive system

A

up to seven days

39
Q

sperm structure

A

head - acrosome (contains digestive enzymes required to enter the egg)

middle - midpiece (contains mitochondria to provide energy)

tail - flagellum (allows sperm to swim)

40
Q

ovary

A

produces the egg by meiosis (exocrine) and the hormones oestrogen and progesterone (endocrine)

41
Q

fallopian tube

A

site of fertilisation

transports the egg to the uterus

42
Q

uterus

A

holds the developing embryo during pregnancy

43
Q

endometrium

A

site of implantation
enriched with blood vessels to nourish the embryo
forms the placenta

44
Q

cervix

A

closes during pregnancy

45
Q

vagina

A

holds the penis during sexual intercourse

is the birth canal

46
Q

egg lifecycle once released from ovary

A

2 days

47
Q

male infertility disorder

A

what: low sperm count, producing low numbers of sperm
cause: low hormone levels, genetically inherited, smoking
treatment: hormone treatment, assisted reproductive technology

48
Q

female infertility disorder

A

what: inability to produce eggs or ovulate due to endocrine gland failure (hormonal imbalance)
cause: lack of hormones FSH and LH
treatment: hormone supplements, in-vitro fertilisation

49
Q

menstrual cycle disorder

A

fibroids

what: benign tumours of the uterus
cause: abnormal response to oestrogen, genetically inherited
symptoms: pain, miscarriage, infertility
treatment: surgery, hysterectomy

50
Q

hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A

follicle stimulating hormone
oestrogen
luteinising hormone
progesterone

each hormone causes the production of the hormone following it and inhibits the hormone preceding it

51
Q

day 1-5

A

menstruation:old lining of uterus breaks down
new egg produced my meiosis
hormone FSH increases

52
Q

FSH

A

site of production: pituitary gland

function: causes maturation of the egg by stimulating the development of the Graafian follicle which surrounds the egg

53
Q

day 6-13

A

Graafian follicle develops

hormone oestrogen increases

54
Q

oestrogen

A

site of production: Graafian follicle in the ovary
functions: causes endometrium to thicken and repair
inhibits the production of FSH and stimulates the production of LH

55
Q

day 14

A

Hormone LH increases
ovulation occurs
Graafian follicle develops into Corpus Luteum (yellow body)

56
Q

day 14-28

A

hormone progesterone increases
fertile period: days 12-16
egg dies if fertilisation does not occur, progesterone levels decrease

57
Q

luteinising hormone

A

site of production: pituitary gland

function: stimulates ovulation

58
Q

progesterone

A

site of production: Corpus Luteum
functions:
- maintains the endometrium during the latter part of the cycle (and during pregnancy)
- inhibits Lh production (no ovulation occurs) inhibits FSH (negative feedback, no eggs develop)

59
Q

days 22-28

A

hormones oestrogen and progesterone levels decrease as fertilisation has not occurred:
causes endometrium to begin to break down
stimulates FSH production

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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