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Biology Leaving Cert > Genetics Definitions > Flashcards

Genetics Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

chromosomes

A

threads made up of 40% DNA and 60% protein
found in the nucleus
carry genetic info in the form of genes

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2
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein
unit of inheritance
located on DNA of a chromosome

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3
Q

homologous pair

A

two chromosomes of equal length with the same sequence of genes

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4
Q

heredity

A

the passing on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes

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5
Q

gene expression

A

the way in which genetic information is decoded from a gene and used to make a protein

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6
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

a nucleic acid that carries and passes on genetic info in the nucleus of a cell

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7
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid
a nucleic acid that carries info of an amino acid sequence from the genes to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and uses this info to form functioning proteins

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8
Q

non coding dna

A

does not code for a protein

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9
Q

genetic code

A

sequences of bases in DNA that code for the production of a specific protein

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10
Q

triplet/codon

A

sequence of three bases that code for an amino acid

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11
Q

anticodon

A

sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to the sequences of three bases on mRNA

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12
Q

transcription

A

copying a sequence of bases from DNA to mRNA with the aid of RNA polymerase in the nucleus of the cell

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13
Q

translation

A

synthesis of proteins by forming chains of amino acids in the ribosome with the help of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA

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14
Q

DNA profile

A

making and examining a pattern of bands from the DNA of one person which can be compared with the DNA profile of another person

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15
Q

genetic screening

A

testing for the presence of a specific or altered gene

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16
Q

species

A

a group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding with each other and producing fertile offspring

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17
Q

variation

A

differences between members of the same species

causes : mutation, sexual reproduction

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18
Q

acquired variation

A

not inherited
learned or developed in life
eg playing a musical instrument

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19
Q

inherited variation

A

controlled by genes

eg blood type

20
Q

mutation

A

a spontaneous change in the amount or structure of DNA

21
Q

mutagen

A

agents that cause mutation

eg X Rays, gamma radiation, cigarette smoke

22
Q

chromosome mutation

A

change in structure or number of chromosomes

eg downs syndrome

23
Q

gene mutation

A

a change in a single gene

eg cystic fibrosis

24
Q

evolution

A

inheritable change within a population in response to a change in the environment over time, giving rise to a new species

25
Q

natural selection

A

members of a species with genetic traits that allow them to be better adapted to survive in their environment, will reproduce and pass these on to following generations

26
Q

speciation

A

the production of a new species as a result of evolution

27
Q

genetic engineering

A

artificial manipulation of genes

28
Q

gamete

A

sex cell capable of fusion

29
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote

30
Q

somatic cell

A

all other body cells that are not sex cells (diploid)

31
Q

allele

A

different forms of the same gene

32
Q

locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

33
Q

homozygous

A

two alleles for a trait are the same

34
Q

pure breeding

A

homozygous

35
Q

hybrid

A

heterozygous

36
Q

dominant

A

where one alleles effect masks the effect of another

37
Q

recessive

A

an alleles effect is only expressed when in the homozygous condition

38
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

39
Q

phenotype

A

physical make up

40
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither allele masks the effect of another

41
Q

linkage

A

genes for different traits are located on the same chromosome
gives rise to less variation

42
Q

sex linkage

A

a characteristic controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome

eg colour blindness

43
Q

pedigree study

A

a diagram showing the genetic history of a group of related organisms

44
Q

monohybrid cross

A

study of one characteristic

45
Q

dihybrid cross

A

study of two characteristics

46
Q

non nuclear inheritance

A

inheritance of DNA through mitochondria or chloroplasts

from mother

47
Q

genetics

A

the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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