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Biology Leaving Cert > RNA and DNA, Genetic Crosses > Flashcards

RNA and DNA, Genetic Crosses Flashcards

1
Q

DNA and RNA creator and overview

A

Watson and Crick
nucleic acids
either dna or rna are present in viruses, never both

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2
Q

chemical composition of chromosomes

A

DNA and protein

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3
Q

dna structure

A

double helix
each strand is composed of nucleotides: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogeneous base
complementary bases from opposite strands held together by hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

adenine- thymine

cytosine- guanine

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5
Q

dna vs rna

A

dna - double stranded
rna- single stranded

dna- sugar is deoxyribose
rna - sugar is ribose

dna - bases A,T,C,G
rna - bases A,U,C,G

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6
Q

dna location

A

nucleous

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7
Q

rna location

A

cytoplasm , ribosome

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8
Q

genotype

A

genetic make up eg bb,Bb,BB

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9
Q

phenotype

A

physical make up eg brown eyes

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10
Q

dominant

A

where one allele masks the effect of another allele

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11
Q

recessive

A

where an alleles effect is only expresses when in the homozygous condition

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12
Q

homozygous

A

two alleles for a trait are the same eg BB

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

two alleles for a trait are different eg Bb

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14
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither allele masks the effect of the other- both alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygous genotype to produce an intermediate phenotype

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15
Q

sex linked

A

when a gene is located on a sex chromosome

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16
Q

pedigree study

A

a diagram showing the genetic history of a group of related organisms

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17
Q

linkage

A

genes for different traits located on the same chromosome

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18
Q

locus

A

the position of a gene on a chromosome

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19
Q

non nuclear DNA

A

DNA that is not located in the nucleus ( found in mitochondria)

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20
Q

segregation

A

separation of alleles

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21
Q

monohybrid crosses

A 
write a key
order of cross:
parents phenotype
parents genotype
meiosis and gamete formation
fertilisation (punnet square)
offspring genotypes
offspring phenotypes
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22
Q

incomplete dominance crosses

A

same steps as monohybrid

23
Q

sex linked crosses

A

write a key
write down sex chromosomes for each parent, assign thr correct allele to each chromosome, none to Y
same steps as monohybrid

24
Q

where does a son get his x and y

A

y from father
x from mother
if he has a sex linked condition, it must come from the mother as Y doesnt carry many alleles

25
non-nuclear inheritance
inherited from the mother can lead to inheritance of muscular disorders such as lack of ATP production why: during fertilisation, the acrosome of the sperm cell enters the egg to fuse with the nucleus, but the midpiece which contains the mitochondria doesnt enter the egg in plants: chloroplasts inherited from mother
26
when both parents are heterozygous for both traits (dihybrid cross)
9:3:3:1
27
dihybrid crosses
inheritance of two traits four letters for each parent eg BbHh same steps as hybrid cross
28
significance of two allele pairs on different chromosome pairs (not linked)
gives rise to more variation in offspring ( independent assortment)
29
linkage
genes for different traits are located on the same chromosome gives rise to less variation as a result of fewer possible gene combinations
30
Gregor Mendel
father of genetics | studied traits in peas
31
first experiment mendel
pure bred tall x pure bred small | results: ratio 3:1 tall : small
32
law of segregation
organisms contain two alleles for every trait | these alleles separate at gamete formation, each of which containing one copy of each allele
33
second experiment mendel
pure bred tall and purple x pure bred small and white | results: all offspring tall and purple
34
law of independent assortment
either member of a pair of alleles can pass into a gamete with either member of another pair of alleles more variation occurs as a result
35
exceptions to mendels laws
linked genes : are inherited together, give rise to less variation sex linked genes: where alleles are located on a sex chromosome
36
purine bases
adenine | guanine
37
pyramidine bases
cytosine | thymine
38
DNA replication
production of an identical copy of DNA in a cell during interphase 1. DNA helix unwinds, hydrogen bonds are broken by enzymes and strands separate 2. complementary base pairs on free nucleotides attach to exposed bases - joined together by DNA polymerase 3. Each DNA molecule winds back into a helix shape
39
significance of DNA replication
all cells produced as a result of cell division have identical genetic information to each other
40
DNA profiling
making and examining a pattern of bands from the DNA of one person which can be compared with the DNA profile of another person
41
describe DNA profiling
1. DNA extraction: cells broken down to release DNA 2. DNA cut into fragments using restriction enzymes 3. Fragments separated by gel electrophoresis based on size (smaller fragments move farther) DNA (negatively charged) moves toward +ive terminal 4. Pattern of fragments compared
42
applications of dna profiling
medicine: look for genetic matches in organ transplants forensic science: comparing victim and suspect blood samples relationships: maternity/paternity disputes
43
genetic screening
testing for the presence of a specific or altered gene applications: adult - identifying carriers of a defective gene eg cystic fibrosis, haemochromatosis - deciding whether or not to have a family embryonic- predictive testing for a genetic disorder
44
RNA types
mRNA tRNA rRNA
45
messenger rna
located in nucleus composed of codons complementary to dna strand three types of codons/ nature of the genetic code: 1. start codon 2. amino acid codon 3. end codon function: carries info (code) for a specific protein from the nucleus to a ribosome
46
ribosomal rna
located in the ribosome in the cytoplasm function : structural component of a ribosome by combining two ribosome subunits together forms weak bonds with mRNA and attaches tRNA to mRNA
47
transfer rna
located at the ribosome attached to mRNA function: transports amino acids to the mRNA and attaches to mRNA How : carries anticodons carries amino acids at the other end and aligns in the correct sequence
48
transcription
copying a sequence for bases from DNA to mRNA with the aid of RNA polymerase in the nucleus of a cell
49
outline transcription
DNA unwinds at specific base sequence RNA nucleotides from cytoplasm match with their complementary DNA bases in the nucleus RNA polymerase binds the nucleotides together = mRNA mRNA leaves nucleus
50
RNA polymerase
anabolic enzyme
51
structure of a protein
long chain of 20 amino acids | amino acid sequence determines structure and function of the protein
52
translation
synthesis of proteins by forming chains of amino acids in the ribosome with the help of mRNA , rRNA and tRNA
53
outline translation
mRNA forms weak bonds with rRNA and ribosome mRNA contains start codon, amino acid codon, stop codon tRNA matches its anticodons with complementary codons on mRNA, each tRNA also carries a specific amino acid to the anticodon tRNA continues to carry amino acids to the mRNA until a stop codon is reached
54
last step in protein synthesis
proteins fold to carry out its function efficiently, allowing it to reach its 3D shape

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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