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Biology Leaving Cert > Homeostasis and Human Excretory System > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Human Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

excretion

A

the removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

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2
Q

nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

produces urine

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

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4
Q

endotherm (warm blooded animals)

A

keep body temperature constant even in cold external conditions by increasing metabolic rate (respiration)
eg birds, mammals

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5
Q

ectotherms (cold blooded animals)

A

body temperatures vary with that of the environment

eg reptiles, fish, amphibians

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6
Q

vasodilation

A

blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate

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7
Q

vasocontraction

A

blood vessels near the surface of the skin narrow (constrict)

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8
Q

osmoregulation

A

the control of water or salt levels in the cell or organism

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9
Q

active transport

A

absorption of substances into cells against a concentration gradient, requiring energy

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10
Q

waste products of homeostasis

A

skin- source: sweat gland
sweat -> water and salt

lungs - source: break down of carbs in respiration
carbon dioxide

liver- source: deamination of amino acids
urea

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11
Q

skin

A

regulates body temp

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12
Q

liver and pancreas

A

regulate blood glucose level

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13
Q

kidneys

A

regulate water and salt concentration

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14
Q

importance of homeostasis

A

allows organisms to function efficiently and independently of their external environment
eg constant internal temp required for enzyme action to work efficiently

efficiency of exchange of substances is proportional to the surface area over which diffusion can take place

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15
Q

how unicellular organisms function in homeostasis (amoeba)

A

no excretory organs: large surface area for exchange of materials

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16
Q

how multicellular organisms function in homeostasis

A

in humans:
-lungs contain alveoli: excrete co2 which regulates blood pH

in plants:
-stomata: leaves are flat for efficient diffusion of gases

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17
Q

human excretory system parts

A

kidney
skin
lungs

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18
Q

renal artery

A

transport blood from heart to kidney

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19
Q

renal vein

A

transport blood from kidney to heart

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20
Q

kidney

A
  • removal of waste products from the blood and production of urine
  • osmoregulation

located in the lower abdominal cavity

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21
Q

ureter

A

transport urine from kidney to bladder

22
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

23
Q

sphincter muscle

A

keeps urine in the bladder

24
Q

urethra

A

transports urine from bladder to outside the body

25
Q

adrenal gland

A

production of adrenaline

26
Q

cortex

A

filtration and reabsorption

27
Q

medulla

A

reabsorption

28
Q

ureter

A

transport urine from kidney to bladder

29
Q

steps in the production of urine

A
  1. filtration : removal of waste products from the blood to the kidney
  2. reabsorption: useful nutrients returned back into the bloodstream from the kidney
  3. secretion: active transport of substances from blood to the kidney ( potassium ions, hydrogen ions, urea)
30
Q

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule function

A

filtration

31
Q

items filtered out of the blood into the bowman’s capsule

A

glucose
urea
salts and water

32
Q

items that remain in the blood from bowman’s capsule

A

hormones (too big)
protein (too big)
RBCs, WBCs, platelets

33
Q

glomerular filtrate vs urine

A

g . f.
more water
more glucose
amino acids

urine
less water
no glucose
no amino acids

34
Q

adaptation for efficient filtration at glomerulus

A

large surface area with capillary network
many pores in glomerulus, b.cap. 1 cell thick
blood pressure is high: efferent arteriole narrower than the afferent arteriole, so force filtering the plasma

35
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A 
function: reabsorption
glucose
vitamins
amino acids
80% salts and water

method of reabsorption: diffusion and active transport

36
Q

adaptations for reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

long (allows time for reabsorption)
many villi in its cells (larger surface area)
high conc. of mitochondria (energy)
walls only one cell thick (diffuse easily)

37
Q

loop of henle

A

function: reabsorption of water and salts
descending loop: water (osmosis)
ascending loop: salts (diffusion/active transport)

38
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

functions: reabsorption, secretion of k+ and h+ ions, drugs
if blood is too acidic= h+ conc. very high
h+ ions secreted into the urine at the d.c.t.
by controlling the hydrogen ion conc. in blood, the kidneys control blood pH

39
Q

collecting duct

A

function: reabsorption of water
hormone: ADH anti diuretic hormone
site of production: hypothalamus
site of secretion: pituitary gland
site of action: collecting duct

40
Q

outline process of osmoregulation when body is low on water

A 
blood = increased salt concentration
ADH secreted from pituitary gland
collecting duct becomes permeable
more water is reabsorbed
small volume of urine produced
less salt in blood
41
Q

outline process of osmoregulation when body is high in water

A

blood = too dilute, decreased salt conc.
ADH produced is inhibited
collecting duct becomes impermeable
less water reabsorbed into the blood
larger volume of dilute urine is produced
salt conc. is unchanged in blood

42
Q

functions of the skin

A 
1. protection
epidermis- prevents entry of pathogens
melanin- protects against UV rays
sebum- keep hair moist, protects skin from cracking, acidic nature kills bacteria
2. excretion (water, salt, sweat)
3. temp regulation
4. vit D production
43
Q

epidermis cells

A

produce keratin
build up of keratin causes hardening of cells
more keratin causes cells in cornified layer to die

44
Q

malpighian layer

A

produces melanin (protects against UV)

45
Q

dermis

A

contains connective tissue (collagen)

protects internal organs

46
Q

why we sweat

A

skin receptors detect change in temp. send message to the brain:

  • more sweat is produced by sweat glands
  • vasodilation of skin arterioles
47
Q

vasodilation of skin arterioles

A

blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate
more blood flows near the skin surface
heat lost by evaporation of sweat

48
Q

skin in cold conditions

A

skin receptors detect change in temp. send messages to the brain:

  • piloerection
  • vasoconstriction of skin arterioles
  • increased metabolism (more thyroxine produced, more heat generated from respiration)
49
Q

piloerection

A

erector muscles contract
pull hairs erect for trapping more air
thicker layer of air close to skin acts as a good insulator of heat

50
Q

vasoconstriction of skin arterioles

A

blood vessels near the surface of the skin narrow

to let less blood flow near the skin surface, reducing heat loss

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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