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Biology Leaving Cert > Blood, The Heart and Blood Vessels, The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood, The Heart and Blood Vessels, The Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

blood pressure

A

the force of blood exerted against the wall of the artery

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2
Q

high pressure in arteries

A

heart pumping blood through arteries creating higher pressure

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3
Q

low pressure in arteries

A

blood returning to heart, not being pumped directly by the heart so less pressure

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4
Q

pulse

A

the expansion and contraction of the arteries due to the pumping action of the heart

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5
Q

portal system

A

a system that begins and ends in capillaries

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6
Q

diastole

A

heart chambers relax

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7
Q

systole

A

heart chambers contract

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8
Q

components of blood

A

plasma
red blood cells (corpuscles)
white blood cells (leucocytes)
platelets

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9
Q

plasma

A

liquid part of blood

composition: water, proteins, antibodies, clotting proteins
function: transports dissolved substances (oxygen and lungs) and heat

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10
Q

serum

A

plasma with no clotting proteins

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11
Q

red blood cells

A

production site: bone marrow eg ribs
structure: shape is biconcave discs - large surface area for oxygen exchange, shape is flexible for movement through capillaries
life span: 4 months
function: transport oxygen, haemoglobin converts to oxyhaemoglobin at the lungs when it picks up oxygen

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12
Q

when RBCs die

A

broken down in liver
iron from haemoglobin stored in liver
the rest turned into bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin

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13
Q

white blood cells

A

production site: formed in bone marrow and some mature in spleen
structure: nucleus present, no definite shape
less numerous than RBCs
function: defend against disease by killing pathogens

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14
Q

platelets

A

production site: made in bone marrow

structure: cell fragments, no nucleus
function: forms blood clots (reduce blood loss)

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15
Q

blood type

A

determined by inherited genes
4 main groups depending on antigen types in RBCs
A , AB, B, O

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16
Q

rhesus factor significance during pregnancy

A

mother’s blood may make antibodies against babies blood if types are incompatible

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17
Q

blood disorders

A

anemia

haemophilia

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18
Q

anemia

A 
abnormally low haemoglobin
causes: 
decreased number of RBCs
decreased amount of haemoglobin
treatment: iron supplements
inherited form: sickle cell anemia
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19
Q

haemophilia

A

the body cannot control it’s ability to clot blood
cause:
inherited (sex linked)
treatment: regular infusion (injecting) of blood clotting factor

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20
Q

open circulatory system

A

heart pumps blood into vessels that are open ended

eg insects, crabs, snails

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21
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels
eg humans, caterpillars

advantages:

  • blood is pumped faster, cells receive nutrients (glucose, o2) faster
  • blood flow to different organs can be changed eg increased blood flow to legs when running
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22
Q

single circulation

A

blood pumps through the heart once

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23
Q

double circulation

A

two circuits:

pulmonary: heart-lungs-heart
systemic: heart-body-heart

advantages:

  • keeps oxygenated blood separated from deoxygenated blood
  • keeps blood pressure high enough to reach all parts of the body
24
Q

portal system example

A

hepatic portal vein
connects the stomach and intestines with the liver
only vein that is not connected directly to the heart

25
Q

blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

26
Q

arteries

A

functional difference:
pumps blood away from heart
carry oxygenated blood

structural differences:
thick wall- to withstand great pressure
narrow lumen
no valves- under greater pressure from heart, no need to prevent backflow

27
Q

veins

A

functional difference:
pumps blood toward heart
carry deoxygenated blood

how carries out its function:
skeletal muscles contract, squeezing blood through

structural differences:
thin wall- under less pressure
wide lumen
valves present, prevent backflow

28
Q

capillaries

A

functional difference:
connect arteries and veins
allows substances to diffuse easily into body cells

structural differences:
walls only one cell thick- allows easier diffusion of substances from blood to body cells
tiny lumen
permeable

29
Q

the heart

A

location: between the lungs, slightly to the left side of the thorax, above the diaphragm
function: to pump blood around the body through contraction of cardiac muscle
structure: the heart wall is made of cardiac muscle (does not fatigue)

30
Q

contractile tissue

A

can shorten or contract to pump blood

31
Q

coronary arteries

A

location: near the semi lunar valves at the aorta
function: supplies heart muscle with blood

32
Q

coronary vein

A

removes blood from heart muscle

33
Q

tricuspid valve location and function

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle into right atrium

34
Q

bicuspid valve location and function

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

prevents back flow of blood from left ventricle into left atrium

35
Q

semilunar valve location and function

A

in the aorta and pulmonary artery

prevents backflow of blood into the right and left ventricles

36
Q

lub dub sound of the heart beat is

A

valves closing

37
Q

pacemaker

A

controls heartbeat

located in the wall at top of right atrium

38
Q

what controls the rate of heartbeat

A

brain

39
Q

cardiac cycle

A

two pacemakers
1. sinoatrial node (SA)
located in wall of right atrium
role is to generate impulses to cause contraction in the atria
2. Atrioventricular node (AV)
located in septum near tricuspid valve between right atrium and left ventricle
role is to generate impulses to cause contraction in the ventricles

40
Q

role of SA and AV nodes

A

generates impulse to cause heart muscles to contract

41
Q

step 1 of heart beat: atrial and ventricular diastole

A

blood enters atria

all chambers are relaxed

42
Q

step 2 of heart beat: atrial systole

A

electrical impulses sent from SA node, cause atria to contract
blood moves to ventricles
impulse reaches AV node

43
Q

step 3 of heart beat: ventricular systole

A 
AV node sends impulse to ventricles
atria relax
ventricles contract
semi lunar valves open
blood moves into the pulmonary artery and aorta
ventricles relax
semi lunar valves close

cycle repeats

44
Q

negative factors that affect the circulatory system

A

smoking:

  • nicotine increases heart rate and pressure
  • carbon monoxide reduces o2 in blood

diet:

  • salt increases blood pressure
  • fats are high in cholesterol, block arteries
45
Q

positive factors that affect the circulatory system

A

exercise:

  • strengthens the heart, increases circulation
  • increases the ability to transport oxygen, provides increased energy levels
46
Q

differences between circulatory and lymphatic system

A

lymph: no RBCs, colourless fluid, less wastes and nutrients
blood: RBCs, red fluid, more wastes and nutrients

47
Q

similarities between circulatory and lymphatic system

A

tissue fluid produced by plasmid

filtered lymph returns to plasma through capillaries

48
Q

lymph vessels vs arteries

A

vessels:
valves
transport lymph

arteries:
no valves
transport blood

49
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

returns excess tissue fluid from cells to the bloodstream

50
Q

origin of lymphatic system

A
  • pressure in arteries can force plasma out of capillaries
  • some plasma that does not return becomes tissue fluid, surrounds cells
  • this enters the lymphatic system and becomes lymphs
51
Q

structure of lymphatic system

A

lymph vessels
lymph nodes
lymph

52
Q

lymph nodes

A

structure: swellings in lymph vessels
location: digestive system, groin, armpits, neck
function: filter out any harmful particles from lymph

53
Q

lymphatic system functions

A
  1. collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood system at the subclavian vein
  2. fight infection by:
    - filtering out micro organisms in l nodes
    - destroying micro organisms by antibody production
    - mature and store lymphocytes
  3. absorbs fat from the small intestine
54
Q

how fat is absorbed from the small intestine

A
  1. fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal
  2. re-from into fats
  3. diffuse to bloodstream through blood vessels
55
Q

white blood cell types

A

lymphocyte- engulf and digest pathogens

monocyte- become macrophages and directly engulf and digest pathogens

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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