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Biology Leaving Cert > Human Defence System > Flashcards

Human Defence System Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing micro organism

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2
Q

immunity

A

ability to resist infection

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3
Q

general defence

A

prevents the entry of microbes by acting as a barrier and destroying all microbes once they are within the body
it is non specific, attacks all pathogen types

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4
Q

specific defence

A

identifies antigen and attacks particular pathogens using specific antibodies or white blood cells

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5
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of white blood cell that kills a pathogen by producing antibodies or killing a body cell that displays an antigen

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6
Q

monocyte

A

type of white blood cell that develops into a macrophage, that engulfs a pathogen and displays antigens on itself, stimulating the production of antibodies

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7
Q

antibody

A

proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen

their role is to inactivate antigens

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8
Q

antigen

A

foreign molecule that stimulate the production of antibodies

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9
Q

vaccination

A

non disease causing dose of the pathogen that is introduced into an organism to stimulate the production of antibodies

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10
Q

induced immunity

A

when the body contains specific antibodies against particular antigens

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11
Q

active immunity

A

when a person can produce their own antibodies against a disease

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12
Q

passive immunity

A

when a person cannot produce their own antibodies against a disease and receives antibodies that have been made by another organism

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13
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when part of the body is attacked by its own immune system

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14
Q

first line of defence

A 
skin
mucus
HCI
lysozyme
bacteria
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15
Q

first line of defence SKIN

A

physical barrier preventing entry of pathogens, sebaceous glands to produce sebum that kills bacteria

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16
Q

first line of defence MUCUS

A

traps pathogens and cilia push mucus out, pathogens are then swallowed and killed in the stomach by HCI

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17
Q

cilia

A

small hairs lining the tubes of the respiratory system

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18
Q

first line of defence HCI

A

in stomach

kills pathogens

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19
Q

first line of defence LYSOZYME

A

bursts bacteria which allows the entry of water to their cells

20
Q

first line of defence BACTERIA

A

lactic acid produced in the vagina inhibits the growth of pathogens

21
Q

second line of defence INFLAMMATION

A

infected cells release a chemical that causes blood capillaries to dilate
swelling and redness is caused at the site of infection, number of WBCs at the site of infection increases
fever can occur, body temp increases which interferes with reproduction of some bacteria and viruses

22
Q

second line of defence WBCs

A

phagocytes engulf and destroy micro organisms

23
Q

complement defence proteins

A

activated by infection, produce holes in bacterial walls causing the bacterial cells to fill with fluid and burst

24
Q

interferon defence proteins

A

released by cells infected by viruses, prevents the multiplication of viruses and limits the spread of virus infection

25
Q

specific immune system

A

identifies antigen and attacks particular or specific pathogens using specific antibodies or WBCs

26
Q

organs/glands specific to the immune system

A

tonsils
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus gland

27
Q

white blood cells

A

formed in bone marrow and some mature in spleen
no nucleus present, no definite shape
less numerous than RBCs
defend against disease by engulfing and destroying cells and displaying antigens or producing antibodies

28
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T cells: dont produce antibodies

B cells: produce antibodies

29
Q

T cells

A 
form in bone marrow
mature in thymus gland
helper t cells
killer t cells
suppressor t cells
memory t cells
30
Q

helper t cells

A

recognise antigens, activate killer t cells

stimulate b cells

31
Q

killer t cells

A

recognise the infected cell, produce perforin to kill infected cells - perforates cell membrane

32
Q

suppressor t cells

A

stop immune response by inhibiting b cell or t cell production

33
Q

memory t cells

A

remember antigen and survives a ling time to allow long term protection

34
Q

b cells

A

form in bone marrow
mature in red bone marrow
plasma b cells
memory b cells

35
Q

plasma b cells

A

antigens recognised, plasma b cells multiply
antibodies specific to the antigen produced in response
antigen inactivated
antigen disposed: by phagocytes or complement system

36
Q

memory b cells

A

survive long after infection
convert plasma b cells in response to infection when it returns, secondary response (active immunity). therefore, these cells respond more rapidly than original b cells

37
Q

antigen response by b lymphocytes

A
  1. pathogen displays antigens
  2. b lymphocytes recognises antigen and produces specific antibodies in response to the antigens
  3. antibodies bind to antigens and lymphocytes engulf and destroy pathogen
38
Q

active vs passive immunity

A

active - longer lasting

passive - shorter lasting than active, needed for the fast response to infection

39
Q

an antibody may be given instead of vaccination if

A

the infection has already occurred or is possibly very dangerous

40
Q

reasons we don’t get the same infection twice

A

lymphocytes produce more antibodies faster than first infection, so smaller amounts of antigens present

41
Q

how antibiotic resistance develops

A

not completing a full course of antibiotics or misusing them
bacteria mutate and acquire resistance, this resistant gene is carried in the plasmid
resistant plasmid is passed on

42
Q

why are antibiotics not prescribed for the flu

A

not effective against viruses
flu is caused by influenza virus
antibiotics are prescribed to kill bacterial infections

43
Q

immunosuppressants

A

antirejection drugs taken by organ transplant patients or to treat autoimmune diseases
these inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system
people on these are more prone to infection

44
Q

why covid affected older people

A

immune system gradually declines in a process called immunosenecence

45
Q

why covid doesnt affect children

A

t cells are mostly untrained, greater capability to respond to new viruses
children regularly catch common cold, antibodies give some form of protection

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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