Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A+P 2 > The Respiratory System Cont. > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Quiet Breathing

A

occurs during resting conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Quiet Inhalation

A
  • is an active process (used ATP/ energy to contract muscles)
  • Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Quiet Exhalation

A
  • is a passive process (do not need to contract muscles. relax muscle, don’t need ATP)
  • Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Forced Breathing

A

occurs during exertion or controlled breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Forced Inhalation

A
  • is an active process
  • diaphragm, external intercostals contract
  • Accessory muscles: Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, and Pectoralis Minor contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Forced Exhalation

A
  • is an active and passive process
  • Diaphragm and External Intercostals relax
  • Abdominal wall muscles contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

A
  1. Alveolar Surface Tension- surfactant decreases surface tension
  2. Lung Compliance
  3. Airway Resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lung Volumes + Capacities

A
  • Tidal Volume (TV)- 500ml
  • Minute Ventilation (MV)- 6000ml
  • Anatomical dead space- 150ml
  • Inspirational/ Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- 3100ml
  • Expirational/ Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- 1200ml
  • Vital Capacity (VC)- 4800ml
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC)- 6000ml
  • Residual Volume (RV)- 1200ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

500ml

-volume of one breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Minute Ventilation (MV)

A

6000ml

-volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

150ml

-volume of air remaining in conducting zone structures where gas exchange does not take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inspirational/Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

3100ml

-volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled over and above the tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Expirational/Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

1200ml

-volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled over and above the tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

4800ml

-total volume of exchangeable air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

6000ml

-total volume of air in lungs after maximal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

1200ml

-volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs and blood

-occurs across the respiratory membrane

18
Q

Factors affecting External Respiration

A
  • Structure of the respiratory membrane (thin, large surface area)
  • Partial pressure gradients for O2 and CO2
  • Gas Solubilities for O2 + CO2
19
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A 
Partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture
ex: PO2 in alveoli:
13.7% X 760 mmHg = 105 mmHg
PCO2 in alveoli:
5.2% X 760 mmHg = 40mmHg
20
Q

External Respiration for Alveoli, Pulmonary Capillary, and Arterial Blood

A

PO2: PCO2:
Alveoli- 105 mmHg 40 mmHg
Pulmonary Cap.- 40 mmHg 45 mmHg
Arterial Blood - 100 mmHg 40 mmHg

  • O2 diffuses out of alveoli into pulmonary capillary; 105 - 40 mmHg
  • CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillary into alveoli 45- 40 mmHg
21
Q

Henry’s Law

A

when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility

22
Q

Gas Solubilities

A
  • N2 is almost insoluble in water
  • O2 is slightly soluble in water
  • CO2 is very soluble in water
23
Q

Equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane due to ____ and ____

A
  1. Partial pressure gradients

2. Solubilities

24
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

25
Q

Internal Respiration of Tissue Capillary, Tissues, and Venous Blood

A

PO2 PCO2
Tissue Capillary 100 mmHg 40 mmHg
Tissues 40 mmHg 45 mmHg
Venous Blood 40 mmHg 45 mmHg

  • O2 diffuses out of tissue capillary into tissues: 100 - 40 mmHg
  • CO2 diffuses out of tissues into capillary: 45 - 40 mmHg
26
Q

Transport of O2 by the blood

A
  • 98.5% of O2 attached to hemoglobin in RBC’s

- 1.5% of O2 dissolved in plasma

27
Q

Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when….

A

all 4 binding sites have O2 (Oxyhemoglobin)

-in arterial blood

28
Q

Hemoglobin is partially saturated when…

A

1, 2 or 3 O2 bound to it

-Venous blood is 75% saturated during rest

29
Q

Hemoglobin is 0% saturated when…..

A

no O2 is bound to it (Deoxyhemoglobin)

30
Q

Binding of O2 to hemoglobin is _____ and ____

A

reversible and cooperative

binding of one O2 will help the next bind

31
Q

Venous blood is what percent saturated at rest?

A

75%

32
Q

Arterial Blood is what percent saturated?

A

100%

33
Q

Factors Affecting rate of O2 binding to Hemoglobin

A

-PO2 (increase PO2, increase the rate, happens in lungs; Hemoglobin binds O2)
Increase these next factors, you decrease the pH: (happens in the tissues; hemoglobin releases/ unloads O2)
-H+ ion concentration (Bohr Effect)
-PCO2
-Temperature
-BPG

34
Q

Transport of CO2 by the Blood

A

-7% CO2 dissolved in plasma
-23% CO2 bound to amino acids of hemoglobin (Carbaminohemoglobin)
-70% transported as bicarbonate ion in plasma
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-1
(bicarbonate)

35
Q

Haldane Effect

A

deoxyhemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO2

36
Q

Control of Respiration (Pulmonary Ventilation- Breathing)

A
  • Medullary Rhythmicity Area- sets normal breathing pattern
  • Pons has:
    a. Pneumotaxic area- speeds up breathing
    b. Apneustic Area- slow, deeper breathing
  • Higher brain centers:
    a. Cerebral Cortex- conscious control
    b. Hypothalamus- emotions
  • Chemicals
    1. PCO2
    2. PO2
    3. pH
  • Hering-Breuer reflex- prevents over inflation over lungs
37
Q

What has the greatest effect on breathing?

A

PCO2

38
Q

Control of Respiration: Medullary Rhythmicity Area

A

sets normal breathing pattern

39
Q

Control of Respiration: Pons

A

Pons has:

a. Pneumotaxic Area- speeds up breathing
b. Apneustic Area- slow, deeper breathing

40
Q

Control of Respiration: Higher Brain Centers

A

a. Cerebral Cortex- Conscious Control

b. Hypothalamus- Emotions

41
Q

Control of Respiration: Chemicals

A
  1. PCO2
  2. PO2
  3. pH
42
Q

Control of Respiration: Hering- Breuer Reflex

A

prevents over-inflation of the lungs

A+P 2 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions