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A+P 2 > Lymphatic System (quiz 3) > Flashcards

Lymphatic System (quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A

where lymphocytes become immunocompetent (trained/educated)

  • where T cells and B cells are trained
    1. Red Bone Marrow- B cells are trained
    2. Thymus- T cells are trained
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2
Q

Which primary lymphatic organ are the B cells trained/educated (immunocompetent)?

A

Red Bone Marrow

-B cells become immunocompetent here

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3
Q

Which primary lymphatic organ are the T cells trained/educated (immunocompetent)?

A

Thymus

-T cells become immunocompetent here

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4
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A

where immune responses occur- (places where the cells work after trained)

  1. Lymph Nodes
  2. Spleen
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5
Q

Which is the only tissue/organ that is NOT made of Reticular Connective Tissue?

A

Thymus

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6
Q

Thymus is made of what tissue?

A

Epithelial Tissue, which secretes hormones that help train T cells

  • No B cells, only T cells
  • Macrophages –> destroy T cells that aren’t properly trained
  • Only 2% T cells leave immunocompetent (trained)
  • 98% are destroyed
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7
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organ: Lymph Nodes

A

most abundant lymphatic organs
where immune response occurs
-Function:
1. Filter lymph (protect lymph, detect anything harmful to body + destroys it)
2. House cells involved in immunity (B cells, T cells, macrophages, reticular fibers)
-swollen lymph nodes- infection arrived + lymph nodes are working
-MALT- immune response can take place here

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8
Q

Function of the Lymph Nodes

A
  1. Filter Lymph

2. House cells involved in immunity

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9
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organ: Spleen

A 
largest lymphatic organ
Functions:
1. Filters blood
2. Houses cells involved in immunity
3. Graveyard for RBCs (where red blood cells die, the damaged ones)
4. Stores iron (as ferritin)
5. Stores platelets
6. In fetus, site of RBC production (only before birth, where first RBC are produced)
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10
Q

The Immune System

A

functional system involved in body defense against viruses, bacteria, pathogens (any microorganism that causes disease), abnormal body cells, cancer cells, foreign cells and toxins

  • works out of lymphatic system
  • no organs
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11
Q

Immunity

A

resistance to disease

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12
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-causing micro-organisms

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13
Q

The Immune System consists of?

A
  1. Nonspecific Defenses (Innate immune system)

2. Specific Defenses (adaptive immune system)

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14
Q

Immune System: The Innate System (Nonspecific)

A
  • does not distinguish among pathogens; works against a variety of pathogens
  • provides immediate protection against a variety of pathogens or foreign substances (immediately protect the body)
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15
Q

Nonspecific Defenses (innate)

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Non-phagocytes
  4. Anti-microbial proteins
  5. Inflammatory response
  6. Fever
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16
Q

Nonspecific Defense: Physical Barriers

A

1st line of defense (block them from coming in)

a. Skin- made of dead cells which make micro-organisms to break through skin
b. Mucous Membranes- line open body cavities, secrete mucus that traps bacteria
c. Secretion- sweat (pH 5-6) bacteria doesn’t grow well under acidic solutions
- mucus-secreted by mucous membranes
- tears
- saliva-contain anti-microbial substances to destroy micro-organisms
- digestive enzymes
- stomach- HCl, hydrochloric acid, pH2, the acidity of the stomach will destroy bacteria

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17
Q

Nonspecific Defense: Phagocytes

A

2nd line of defense (cells that use phagocytosis)

  1. Neutrophils- phagocytize bacteria, most abundant
  2. Monocytes- phagocytosis (monocytes turn in macrophages 2 hours after emigration)
  3. Macrophages- best phagocytes- engulf +destroy
  4. Eosinophils- phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
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18
Q

Nonspecific Defense: Non-phagocytes

A
  1. Eosinophils- contain digestive enzymes (red dots), protect against parasitic worms (release digestive enzymes + eat away the worm)
  2. Natural Killer Cells- Lymphocytes
    - virus infected cell –> can destroy it: release perforins to destroy
    - cause Lysis by Perforin
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19
Q

Nonspecific Defense: Anti-microbial proteins

A

fight against microorganisms

  1. Complement proteins (in liver)- plasma proteins
    - 20 different proteins (inactive, but circulating in plasma waiting for an event to occur)
    - assemble into channel (water will flow through) –> lysis of microbe (destruction of microbe)
  2. Interferons- proteins made by virus infected body cells
    ex: alpha, beta, gamma interferons
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20
Q

Nonspecific Defense: Inflammatory Response

A

inflammation
-redness, heat, swelling, pain
-cytoplasmic granules contain Histamines
-Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate (greater blood flow to certain region of body and cause blood vessels to become leaky)
-Basophil (in blood)
-Mast cells (in tissue)
these both release histamines in inflammatory response

21
Q

Nonspecific Defense: Fever

A

Pyrogens- produced by certain leukocytes (WBCs)
-cause the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
Fever- speeds up chemical reaction (healing)
-causes spleen to hold tightly to iron (iron is no longer available to microorganisms + they cant reproduce)

22
Q

Immune System: Adaptive Immunity (specific)

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity- T cells target infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
  • Humoral immunity- B cells target bacteria, toxins and viruses present in body fluids
23
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A
  • T cells target infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
  • in adaptive immunity (specific)
24
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B cells target bacteria, toxins, and viruses present in body fluids
-in adaptive immunity (specific)

25
Q

physical barriers

A

Nonspecific defense-

  • 1st line of defense
    1. Skin
    2. Mucous membranes
    3. Secretion
26
Q

phagocytes

A

Nonspecific defense

  • 2nd line of defense
    1. Neutrophils
    2. Monocytes
    3. Macrophages
    4. Eosinophils
27
Q

Non-phagocytes

A

nonspecific defense

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Natural Killer Cells
28
Q

Anti-microbial Proteins

A

Nonspecific defense

  1. Complement proteins
  2. Interferons
29
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Nonspecific defense

  • red, heat, swelling, pain
  • Basophil (in blood)
  • Mast cells (in tissue)
  • Histamines- cause blood vessels to dilate
30
Q

Fever

A

Nonspecific defense

  • Pyrogen- produced by certain leukocytes (WBC’s)
  • Fever- speeds up chemical reaction (healing)
  • causes spleen to hold tightly to iron
31
Q

T cells are educated in the

A

Thymus

32
Q

B cells are educated in the

A

Red Bone Marrow

33
Q

T + B cells leave the primary lymphatic organs: Immunocompetent

A

able to recognize specific foreign antigens

-their cell membranes have specific antigen receptors

34
Q

T + B cells leave the primary lymphatic organs:

Self-tolerant

A

will not attack own body cells

35
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cell

36
Q

CD4

A

Helper T cell

37
Q

Adaptive Immunity is ____, ____, and ____

A
  • Specific
  • Systemic
  • Has memory
38
Q

MHC antigens

A

self-antigens that allow the immune system to recognize own body cells

  • on own body cell not T cell
  • Class I MHC antigens
  • Class II MHC antigens
39
Q

Class I MHC antigens

A

on the surface of all nucleated body cells (not on RBCs because they have no nucleus)

40
Q

Class II MHC antigens

A

on surface of antigen-presenting cells which help show foreign antigens

41
Q

Antigen-presenting Cells (APCs)

A
  • Macrophages, dendritic cells or activated B cells
  • Help activate T cells by presenting antigen fragments on cell surfaces
  • In Class II MHC antigens
42
Q

Cytotoxic T Cell

A

one of the cells in the cell-mediated immunity

-these cells must first recognize infected body cells, cancer cells, or foreign tissue transplants

43
Q

Class I MHC antigens can be recognized by?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

44
Q

How Cytotoxic T cells recognize Class I MHC antigens

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells antigen receptor binds to foreign antigen on Class I MHC
  2. Activated Cytotoxic T cell undergoes:
    a. Proliferation
    b. Differentiation
45
Q

Proliferation

A

divide rapidly

  • active cytotoxic T cell undergoes this when they recognize Class I MHC antigens
  • divide into 2 and the more cytotoxic T cells that recognize foreign antigens, leading to an army of CD8s (cytotoxic T cells) (differentiation)
46
Q

differentiation

A

army of thousands of cytotoxic cells
-Active Cytotoxic T cells- destroy infected body cells
or
-Few develop memory T cells
-activated Cytotoxic T cell undergoes this after proliferation when recognizing class I MHC antigens

47
Q

Most of the Activated Cytotoxic T cells will destroy infected body cells by two mechanisms

A
  1. Perforins- lysis

2. Granzymes- chemicals produced by Cytotoxic T cells that cause infected body cells to self destruct

48
Q

What does it mean when some Cytotoxic T cells are Memory cells?

A

remain and provide life-long immunity against the specific foreign antigen

A+P 2 (24 decks)

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