Endocrine Cont Flashcards
RH (releasing hormones)
releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release a particular hormone
IH (inhibiting hormones)
inhibiting hormone produced by hypothalamus inhibit anterior pituitary from secreting a particular hormone
Adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary
-the hypophyseal portal veins is the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
The hypothalamus makes 7 hormones that are transported by the ______ to the _____
- hypophyseal portal veins
2. anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary responds to RHs by secretion of the following 6 hormones
- hGH (human growth hormone, growth of body cells)
- TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroid gland)
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone, gamete production)
- LH (luteinizing hormone, gonadal hormone production)
- PRL (prolactin, milk production)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenal cortex)
Thyroid gland
- largest major endocrine gland
- stores 2-3 months of thyroid hormone (TH, thyroglobulin)
- TH is the body’s main metabolic homrone
- consists of follicular cells and parafollicular cells
The Thyroid gland consists of 2 different kinds of hormone-secreting cells
- Follicular cells- make, store, and secrete TH (lipid-soluble hormone)
- Parafollicular cells- make calcitonin (water- soluble)
Thyroid Hormone (TH) is a mixture of T3 and T4
T3- (triiodothyronine) has 3 iodines attached to cross-linked tyrosines
T4- (thyroxine) has 4 iodines attached to cross-linked tyrosines
Effects of TH (T3 and T4)
- Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Maintains BP (blood pressure)
- Regulates normal growth and development
Effects of water-soluble Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid Gland
secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- which raises blood calcium
- water-soluble hormone
Adrenal Gland consists of
- Adrenal Cortex- secretes steroids (lipid-soluble)
- Adrenal Medulla- secretes water-based hormones
Adrenal Cortex
produces many steroids (lipid-soluble) -outer layer of adrenal gland consists of: -zona glomerulosa -zona fasiculata -zona reticularis
Adrenal Cortex consists of
- Zona Glomerulosa- secretes mainly mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
- Zona Fasiculata- secretes glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol
- Zona Reticularis- secretes androgens
Adrenal Medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)
-innner layer of adrenal gland
Pancreas
Both and endocrine and exocrine gland
-99% of cells are acinar cells- produce digestive enzymes
-1% of cells help regulate blood glucose:
alpha cells- make glucagon
beta cells- make insulin
Pancreas: Exocrine gland
- has ducts
- secretes non-hormone product
- 99%
- Acinar cells- produce digestive enzymes
Pancreas: Endocrine gland
-ductless
-secretes hormones (into IF)
-1%
-Islets of Langerhans:
alpha cells- produce glucagon
beta cells- produce insulin
Ovaries
secrete estrogen and progesterone (steroids)
- regulates menstrual cycle (both)
- female secondary sex characteristics (estrogen)
Testes
secrete testosterone (steroid)
- sperm production
- male secondary sex characteristics
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin
-regulates day/night cycles
Thymus gland
secretes thymic hormone (water-soluble)
-development of T cells
Hypersecretion
oversecretion
Hyposecretion
undersecretion
Adrenal Cortex: Zona Glomerulosa
- aldosterone
- kidneys reabsorb Na+
Adrenal Cortex: Zona Fasiculata
- cortisol
- regulates blood sugar, blood volume, high levels inhibit immune system
Adrenal Cortex: Zona Reticularis
- weak androgens
- contribute to puberty, sex drive
