Blood Flashcards
fluid
blood- carries oxygen + nutrients throughout the body
Functions of blood
- Distribution
- Regulation
- Protection
Functions of blood: Distribution
gases (O2 + CO2), nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones
Functions of blood: Regulation
body temperature, pH, fluid volume
- pH- acid base balance
- fluid volume- keep body in homeostasis, how much blood is in the body
- blood temp: 100.4
- blood pH: 7.4
- blood buffers (help maintain blood pH): carbonic acid –> bicarbonate buffer
- blood volume: 5 liters (ions help maintain volume)
Functions of blood: Protection
blood loss, infection
- blood loss: platelets
- infection: white blood cells (help fight infection)
pH
acid base balance
- blood pH: 7.4
- BLOOD BUFFERS (help maintain blood pH): CARBONIC ACID –> bicarbonate buffer
- part of the function of blood: regulation
Whole blood
blood in its entirety
Components of blood
- Plasma- fluid component
2. Formed elements- cellular component
Plasma
55%
-fluid part of whole blood
Formed elements
45%
- cellular part of whole blood
- RBC’s (erythrocytes), WBC’s (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)
Hematocrit
percentage of whole blood made of RBC’s
Buffy Coat
between plasma + RBC’s in centrifuged blood
- less than 1%
- where WBC and Platelets end up
Blood Plasma Components
- Water- 91.5%
- Protein- 7%
- Other substances- 1.5%
Blood Plasma Components: Protein
7%
- Albumin (most abundant): transport protein
- Globulin: (alpha, beta, gamma)
- Clotting Proteins: made by liver, (11 proteins)
- Other Proteins (least abundant)
Most Abundant Clotting Protein
Fibrinogen
Gamma Globulins
immunoglobulins= antibodies (immunity; fight infection)
Blood Plasma Components: Protein: Other Proteins
large molecules made of amino acids
ex: hormones (chemical messengers that regulate important processes in the body)
- complement protein: help fight infection
- enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
Liver Makes All Plasma Proteins Except
- Antibodies (made by immune system)
2. Hormones (made by endocrine system)
Blood Plasma Components: Other Substances
- 5%
- Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin
- Nutrients: glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, vitamins, amino acids
- Ions: Cations (+) Na+ K+ Ca+2 Mg+2, Anions (-) Cl-phosphate sulfate bicarbonate
- Gases: O2 + CO2
Hemopoiesis
Blood cell formation
- RBC production (erythropoiesis) is stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone made by the kidneys)
- Platelet production (thrombopoiesis) is stimulated by thrombopoietin (hormone made by liver)
- WBC production (leukopoiesis) is stimulated by
a. interleukins
b. colony-stimulating factors
RBC production
erythropoiesis- stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone made by kidneys)
-type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Platelet Production
thrombopoiesis- stimulated by thrombopoietin (hormone made by the liver)
-type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
WBC Production
leukopoiesis- stimulated by
a. interleukins
b. colony-stimulating factors
- type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Pluripotent Stem Cell (hemopoietic stem cell)
starting cell
- develops into either: (in red bone marrow)
1. Myeloid Stem Cell –> RBC, WBC, Platelets
2. Lymphoid Stem Cell –> lymphocyte
Erythropoiesis steps
- Pluripotent Stem Cell –>
- Myeloid Stem Cell –>
- Reticulocyte (young RBC) enters blood –>(1 to 2 days later)–>
- Mature RBC (100-120 days in circulation in blood, no organelles)
Reticulocyte count
percent of reticulocytes among the RBC population; a measure of the rate of RBC formation (how fast erythropoiesis occurs)
Thrombopoiesis Steps
- Pluripotent Stem Cell –>
- Myeloid Stem Cell –>
- Megakaryocyte –> (shreds into pieces/ fragments)
- Platelet- enters the blood + circulates
Leukopoiesis Steps
- Pluripotent Stem Cell –>
- Myeloid Stem Cell –> (4 out of the 5 leukocytes made from myeloid stem cell)
- -Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes (these leave blood vessel)–> Macrophages (in tissues, engulf things)
- Pluripotent–>
- Lymphoid Stem Cell–> (1 out of the 5 leukocytes made from lymphoid stem cell)
- Lymphocytes:
a. B Cells
b. T Cells
c. Natural Killer Cells
RBC’s (erythrocytes)
- Incomplete cells: lacks nucleus + organelles
- Shape: Biconcave
- Size: 7.5-8 micrometer in diameter
- 4-6 million RBCs per microliter of whole blood
- affects blood viscosity (thickness + stickiness)
- Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
Heme = oxygen binding part (4 of them)
-iron located in the center of the heme
Globin = protein portion
-2 alpha chains
2-beta chains
Oxyhemoglobin
transport a full load of O2
Deoxyhemoglobin
carries less than a full load of O2
looks darker red
Carbaminohemoglobin
transports CO2
-hemoglobin carries CO2 –> carbon is transported on some amino acids
Life Cycle Of RBC’s
- Reticulocyte –>(1 to 2 days)–>
- Mature RBC –> (circulate 120 days)–>
- Dies in spleen (graveyard for RBC)
Macrophage in spleen breaks down RBC–>
- Globin–> amino acids–> reused for protein synthesis
- Heme–> a. bilirubin (yellow) removed by liver
b. iron Fe+2 (center of heme)
- iron is transported as TRANSFERRIN
- iron is attached to a protein and stored as FERRITIN
WBC’s (leukocytes)
- complete cell
- less than 1% of whole blood
- 5000-10,000 WBC’s per microliter of blood
- Function- immunity (fights infection)
Characteristics of WBC
- Emigration- ability to leave blood vessels (to get to infection site)
- Chemotaxis- attracted to chemicals (to know were to go for the infection site)
- Most are phagocytes (engulf by phagocytosis)
Differential WBC count
Relative abundance of different kinds of WBC’s in blood:
- Neutrophils 60-70% (most abundant)
- Lymphocytes 20-25%
- Monocytes 3-8%
- Eosinophils 2-4%
- Basophils 0.5%-1%
Different types of WBC are identified with….
Wright Stain
Wright Stain
- red eosin (acidic)
- purple/blue (basic)
3 “phils” are Granulocytes- have visible cytoplasmic granules (pick up stain)
- Neutrophils (both stains)
- Eosinophils (red stain)
- Basophils (blue stain)
Agranulocyte- WBC lack visible cytoplasmic granules (don’t pick up stain)
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Granulocytes
WBCs that have visible cytoplasmic granules (visible stains)
- Neutrophils (both stains)
- Eosinophils (red stains)
- Basophils (blue stains)
Agranulocytes
WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules (don’t pick up stains)
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
