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A+P 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

fluid

A

blood- carries oxygen + nutrients throughout the body

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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3
Q

Functions of blood: Distribution

A

gases (O2 + CO2), nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones

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4
Q

Functions of blood: Regulation

A

body temperature, pH, fluid volume

  • pH- acid base balance
  • fluid volume- keep body in homeostasis, how much blood is in the body
  • blood temp: 100.4
  • blood pH: 7.4
  • blood buffers (help maintain blood pH): carbonic acid –> bicarbonate buffer
  • blood volume: 5 liters (ions help maintain volume)
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5
Q

Functions of blood: Protection

A

blood loss, infection

  • blood loss: platelets
  • infection: white blood cells (help fight infection)
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6
Q

pH

A

acid base balance

  • blood pH: 7.4
  • BLOOD BUFFERS (help maintain blood pH): CARBONIC ACID –> bicarbonate buffer
  • part of the function of blood: regulation
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7
Q

Whole blood

A

blood in its entirety

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8
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. Plasma- fluid component

2. Formed elements- cellular component

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9
Q

Plasma

A

55%

-fluid part of whole blood

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10
Q

Formed elements

A

45%

  • cellular part of whole blood
  • RBC’s (erythrocytes), WBC’s (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)
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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of whole blood made of RBC’s

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12
Q

Buffy Coat

A

between plasma + RBC’s in centrifuged blood

  • less than 1%
  • where WBC and Platelets end up
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13
Q

Blood Plasma Components

A
  1. Water- 91.5%
  2. Protein- 7%
  3. Other substances- 1.5%
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14
Q

Blood Plasma Components: Protein

A

7%

  • Albumin (most abundant): transport protein
  • Globulin: (alpha, beta, gamma)
  • Clotting Proteins: made by liver, (11 proteins)
  • Other Proteins (least abundant)
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15
Q

Most Abundant Clotting Protein

A

Fibrinogen

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16
Q

Gamma Globulins

A

immunoglobulins= antibodies (immunity; fight infection)

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17
Q

Blood Plasma Components: Protein: Other Proteins

A

large molecules made of amino acids

ex: hormones (chemical messengers that regulate important processes in the body)
- complement protein: help fight infection
- enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

18
Q

Liver Makes All Plasma Proteins Except

A
  1. Antibodies (made by immune system)

2. Hormones (made by endocrine system)

19
Q

Blood Plasma Components: Other Substances

A
  1. 5%
  2. Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin
  3. Nutrients: glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, vitamins, amino acids
  4. Ions: Cations (+) Na+ K+ Ca+2 Mg+2, Anions (-) Cl-phosphate sulfate bicarbonate
  5. Gases: O2 + CO2
20
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

  • RBC production (erythropoiesis) is stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone made by the kidneys)
  • Platelet production (thrombopoiesis) is stimulated by thrombopoietin (hormone made by liver)
  • WBC production (leukopoiesis) is stimulated by
    a. interleukins
    b. colony-stimulating factors
21
Q

RBC production

A

erythropoiesis- stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone made by kidneys)
-type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)

22
Q

Platelet Production

A

thrombopoiesis- stimulated by thrombopoietin (hormone made by the liver)
-type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)

23
Q

WBC Production

A

leukopoiesis- stimulated by

a. interleukins
b. colony-stimulating factors
- type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)

24
Q

Pluripotent Stem Cell (hemopoietic stem cell)

A

starting cell

  • develops into either: (in red bone marrow)
    1. Myeloid Stem Cell –> RBC, WBC, Platelets
    2. Lymphoid Stem Cell –> lymphocyte
25
Q

Erythropoiesis steps

A
  1. Pluripotent Stem Cell –>
  2. Myeloid Stem Cell –>
  3. Reticulocyte (young RBC) enters blood –>(1 to 2 days later)–>
  4. Mature RBC (100-120 days in circulation in blood, no organelles)
26
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

percent of reticulocytes among the RBC population; a measure of the rate of RBC formation (how fast erythropoiesis occurs)

27
Q

Thrombopoiesis Steps

A
  1. Pluripotent Stem Cell –>
  2. Myeloid Stem Cell –>
  3. Megakaryocyte –> (shreds into pieces/ fragments)
  4. Platelet- enters the blood + circulates
28
Q

Leukopoiesis Steps

A
  1. Pluripotent Stem Cell –>
  2. Myeloid Stem Cell –> (4 out of the 5 leukocytes made from myeloid stem cell)
  3. -Basophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Neutrophils
    • Monocytes (these leave blood vessel)–> Macrophages (in tissues, engulf things)
  4. Pluripotent–>
  5. Lymphoid Stem Cell–> (1 out of the 5 leukocytes made from lymphoid stem cell)
  6. Lymphocytes:
    a. B Cells
    b. T Cells
    c. Natural Killer Cells
29
Q

RBC’s (erythrocytes)

A
  • Incomplete cells: lacks nucleus + organelles
  • Shape: Biconcave
  • Size: 7.5-8 micrometer in diameter
  • 4-6 million RBCs per microliter of whole blood
  • affects blood viscosity (thickness + stickiness)
  • Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
30
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Heme = oxygen binding part (4 of them)
-iron located in the center of the heme

Globin = protein portion
-2 alpha chains
2-beta chains

31
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

transport a full load of O2

32
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

carries less than a full load of O2

looks darker red

33
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

transports CO2

-hemoglobin carries CO2 –> carbon is transported on some amino acids

34
Q

Life Cycle Of RBC’s

A
  1. Reticulocyte –>(1 to 2 days)–>
  2. Mature RBC –> (circulate 120 days)–>
  3. Dies in spleen (graveyard for RBC)

Macrophage in spleen breaks down RBC–>

  1. Globin–> amino acids–> reused for protein synthesis
  2. Heme–> a. bilirubin (yellow) removed by liver
    b. iron Fe+2 (center of heme)
    - iron is transported as TRANSFERRIN
    - iron is attached to a protein and stored as FERRITIN
35
Q

WBC’s (leukocytes)

A
  • complete cell
  • less than 1% of whole blood
  • 5000-10,000 WBC’s per microliter of blood
  • Function- immunity (fights infection)
36
Q

Characteristics of WBC

A
  1. Emigration- ability to leave blood vessels (to get to infection site)
  2. Chemotaxis- attracted to chemicals (to know were to go for the infection site)
  3. Most are phagocytes (engulf by phagocytosis)
37
Q

Differential WBC count

A

Relative abundance of different kinds of WBC’s in blood:

  • Neutrophils 60-70% (most abundant)
  • Lymphocytes 20-25%
  • Monocytes 3-8%
  • Eosinophils 2-4%
  • Basophils 0.5%-1%
38
Q

Different types of WBC are identified with….

A

Wright Stain

39
Q

Wright Stain

A
  • red eosin (acidic)
  • purple/blue (basic)

3 “phils” are Granulocytes- have visible cytoplasmic granules (pick up stain)

  1. Neutrophils (both stains)
  2. Eosinophils (red stain)
  3. Basophils (blue stain)

Agranulocyte- WBC lack visible cytoplasmic granules (don’t pick up stain)

  1. Monocytes
  2. Lymphocytes
40
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs that have visible cytoplasmic granules (visible stains)

  • Neutrophils (both stains)
  • Eosinophils (red stains)
  • Basophils (blue stains)
41
Q

Agranulocytes

A

WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules (don’t pick up stains)

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes

A+P 2 (24 decks)

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