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A+P 2 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System

A

Organ system that controls the body using chemical messengers called hormones

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2
Q

Major Processes Regulated By the Endocrine System

A
  1. Reproduction (estrogen (in females)), testosterone (in males))
  2. Growth + Development (growth hormone, thyroid hormone)
  3. Mobilization of Body Defenses (thymic hormone)
  4. Electrolyte + Water Balance (ADH, ANP, Aldosterone)5. Regulation of Cellular Metabolism + Energy Balance (insulin, glucagon)
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3
Q

Major Endocrine Glands

A
  • Pineal Gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid Gland
  • Thymus Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Testes
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4
Q

Other Hormone Producing Structures and what they produce

A
  • Adipose Cells: produces Leptin
  • Mucosa of Digestive System: produces Gastrin, Secretin
  • Kidneys: produces Erythropoietin (make RBCs)
  • Heart: produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  • Skin: produces Vitamin D
  • Placenta: produces hCG (indicates pregnancy), Progesterone + Estrogen (keep pregnancy going), Prostaglandins (helps push baby out)
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5
Q

Other Hormone Producing Structures

A
  • Adipose Cells
  • Mucosa of Digestive System
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Skin
  • Placenta
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6
Q

Circulating Hormones

A

carried by blood, act on distant target cells

  • Endocrine Glands:
  • are ductless
  • secrete into interstitial fluid (IF)
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7
Q

Local Hormones

A

do not circulate in blood

  • Paracrines- local hormones acting as neighboring cells
  • Autocrines- local hormones acting on own cells
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8
Q

Chemical Classes of Hormones

A
  1. Lipid- Soluble= steroids + thyroid hormone

2. Water- Soluble= amines, peptides/proteins, and eicosanoids

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9
Q

Chemical Classes of Hormones: Water- Soluble Hormones

A

Can dissolve in water

  1. Amines- modified amino acid (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
  2. Peptide- less than 50 amino acids (ANP)
  3. Protein- (Insulin, Growth Hormone)
    - both chain of amino acids
  4. Eicosanoids- modified fatty acid (arachidonic acid)
    - most act as local hormones
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10
Q

Chemical Classes of Hormones: Lipid- Soluble Hormones

A

Can dissolve in lipids (fats)

  1. Steroids- estrogen, testosterone
    - modified from cholesterol
  2. Thyroid Hormone- contain iodine’s
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11
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A
  1. Lipid-soluble hormones use Direct Gene Activation

2. Water-soluble hormones use Second Messenger Activation

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12
Q

Direct Gene Activation by Lipid-soluble hormones

A
  1. Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane
  2. Binds to intracellular receptor
  3. Transcription of specific gene
  4. New protein is made by cell (translation)
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13
Q

Second Messenger Activation by Water-soluble hormones

A
  1. Hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor on cell surface
  2. This causes a 2nd messenger to be made inside the cell
  3. 2nd messenger activates protein kinase
  4. Protein kinase activates a protein
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14
Q

An example of a 2nd messenger is

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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15
Q

What causes Endocrine Glands to secrete hormones?

A
  1. Humoral Stimulus
  2. Neural Stimulus
  3. Hormonal Stimulus
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16
Q

What causes Endocrine Glands to secrete hormones?

Humoral Stimulus

A

gland responds to change in chemical composition of blood

ex: increase Ca+2 –> thyroid gland releases calcitonin –> decreases Ca+2
ex: decrease Ca+2 –> thyroid gland release parathyroid –> increase Ca+2

17
Q

What causes Endocrine Glands to secrete hormones?

Neural Stimulus

A

gland responds to Nervous System

ex: sympathetic division (fight or flight) –> adrenal medulla will release epinephrine + norepinephrine

18
Q

What causes Endocrine Glands to secrete hormones?

Hormonal Stimulus

A

gland responds to a hormone
(1st endocrine gland stimulates hormone secretion from 2nd endocrine gland)
ex: adrenal cortex is hormonally stimulated by one of the pituitary hormones

19
Q

Hypothalamus makes what kind of hormones?

A

Water-soluble

20
Q

Pituitary Gland makes what kind of hormones?

A

Water-soluble

21
Q

tract

A

branch of axons

22
Q

What is the Hypophysis?

A

the Pituitary Gland

23
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary and infundibulum

-the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is the neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

24
Q

Hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract

A

the neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

25
Q

The hypothalamus makes 2 hormones that are sent by the hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract to the neurohypophysis

A
  1. ADH- kidneys excrete concentrated urine
  2. Oxytocin- labor contractions, milk ejection
    - Then these 2 hormones are secreted into the blood from the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
26
Q

Releasing hormones (RH)

A

stimulate hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

27
Q

Inhibiting hormone (IH)

A

inhibits hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

28
Q

The pituitary gland responds to inhibiting hormones (IH) by?

A

stopping or slowing down its hormone secretion

  • GHIH= inhibits both GH (growth hormone) and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) secretion
  • PIH= inhibits prolactin secretion
29
Q

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

A

increases TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) release

30
Q

CRH

A

increases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) release

31
Q

GnRH

A

increases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) + LH (luteinizing hormone) release

32
Q

PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)

A

increase prolactin release

33
Q

PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)

A

decrease prolactin release

34
Q

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

A

increase GH (growth hormone)

35
Q

GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

A

decrease GH (growth hormone) + TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) release

A+P 2 (24 decks)

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