Rest Of Blood (quiz 2)

Question 1

Thrombocytes

Answer 1

Platelets
-cell fragments
Function: protects against blood loss
-in buffy coat of whole blood (centrifuged)
-150000-400000 platelets per 1 microliter of whole blood
-2-4 micrometers in size

Question 2

Hemostasis

Answer 2

sequence of events that stop bleeding

Question 3

Hemostasis Events

Answer 3

1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug Formation
3. Coagulation

Question 4

Hemostasis Event: Vascular Spasm

Answer 4

blood vessels constrict

Question 5

Hemostasis Event: Platelet Plug Formation

Answer 5

Positive feedback mechanism

1. Platelet adhesion- only a few platelets will show up at the site
2. Platelet release reaction- chemicals will be released that will attract more platelets (increasing stimulus)
3. Platelet aggregation- platelets will stick to each other and plug up the hole

Question 6

Hemostasis Event: Coagulation

Answer 6

Blood Clot Formation

• blood changes from a liquid to a solid
  1. Extrinsic pathway
  2. Intrinsic pathway
  3. Common pathway

Question 7

Coagulation: Extrinsic pathway

Answer 7

• faster, fewer steps
• requires tissue factor produced by damaged tissue (outside of blood)
• requires Calcium ions
• makes prothrombinase enzyme

Question 8

Coagulation: Intrinsic pathway

Answer 8

• slower, more steps
• does not require tissue factor, all factors are in whole blood
• requires Calcium ions
• makes prothrombinase enzyme

Question 9

Coagulation: Common pathway

Answer 9

2 steps: (require Calcium)

1. Prothrombin (inactive)——prothrombinase—> Thrombin (Active)
2. Fibrinogen (soluble-dissolved in blood)—-thrombin–> Fibrin (active, insoluble)

Question 10

Fibrin Clot

Answer 10

fibrin mesh + trapped formed elements (WBC, RBC, platelets)

Question 11

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

Answer 11

this helps convert plasminogen into its active form plasmin which will dissolve blood clots gradually over time

Question 12

Anticoagulants

Answer 12

substances that prevent blood clotting

Question 13

Thrombolytic Disorder: Thrombus

Answer 13

blood clot forms when it shouldn’t (undesirable blood clot)

Question 14

Thrombolytic Disorder: Embolus

Answer 14

circulating blood clot

Question 15

Thrombolytic Disorder: Embolism

Answer 15

blood clot blocks blood vessel

Question 16

Antigen

Answer 16

glycoprotein that elicits an immune response

Question 17

Agglutinogen

Answer 17

(self) antigen located on RBC surface

Question 18

Antibody

Answer 18

protein that binds to an antigen

Question 19

Agglutinin

Answer 19

antibody in plasma that reacts with an agglutinogen

Question 20

Agglutination

Answer 20

clumping of blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction
-results in transfusion reaction
-want to prevent this
hemolysis- split open

Question 21

Blood Groups

Answer 21

chemicals on RBC surface (antigens on RBC surface)

-30 different blood groups have been identified

Question 22

2 Blood Groups can cause transfusion reactions

Answer 22

1. ABO blood group
   - Blood type: A, B, AB, O
2. Rh Blood Group

Question 23

A persons Blood Type is determined by?

Answer 23

The antigen on the RBC surface

• Type A- has the A antigen on RBC surface
• Type B- has the B antigen on RBC surface
• Type AB- has both A + B antigens on RBC surface
• Type O- does not have A or B antigens

Question 24

A transfusion reaction (agglutination) occurs when….

Answer 24

donor’s RBC are attacked by recipient’s antibodies

Question 25

A person has antibodies in plasma against…

Answer 25

antigens not present on own RBC
(a person has antibodies that are against the antigens that are not present on the RBC)
ex: type A blood type has B antibodies because type A blood does not have the antigen B it only has antigen A on RBC surface

Question 26

What blood types can Type A blood receive and not receive?

Answer 26

Receives- A, O

Cant receive- B, AB (because its against antigen B)

Question 27

What blood types can Type B blood receive and not receive?

Answer 27

Receives- B, O

Cant receive- A, AB (its against antigen A)

Question 28

What blood types can Type AB blood receive and not receive?

Answer 28

Receives- A, B, AB, O

Universal Recipient

Question 29

What blood types can Type O receive and not receive?

Answer 29

Receives- O
Cant receive- A, B, AB (it is against antigen A+B)
Universal Donor

Question 30

Universal Recipient

Answer 30

Type AB blood

-receives all blood types

Question 31

Universal Donor

Answer 31

Type O Blood

-each blood type can receive O blood

Question 32

Rh Blood Group

Answer 32

Rh+: has Rh antigen on RBC surface

Rh-: blood type lacks the Rh antigen on RBC surface

Question 33

Do people normally have antibodies in the plasma against the Rh antigen?

Answer 33

No, people normally DO NOT have antibodies in plasma against Rh antigen
-only if directly exposed

Question 34

Blood typing

Answer 34

determination of a person’s blood type

-make sure the person who receives the blood is getting compatible blood

Question 35

Cross-matching

Answer 35

donor RBCs mixed with recipient’s serum to determine compatibility
-trial run, take plasma from person receiving blood + takes donors blood to watch for clumping
no clumping = safe

Question 36

ABO and Rh Blood Groups are reported..

Answer 36

reported together

ex: O+, B-, AB-

Question 37

How would a hemolytic disease of the newborn occur?

Answer 37

Rh- mother is pregnant with her second Rh+ baby

1. first pregnancy- Rh- mother carries a fetus of Rh+ blood
2. Between pregnancies- she produces the Rh antibodies
3. second pregnancy- has another Rh+ baby, only this time her Rh antibodies will go into the babies blood and attack the Rh+ antigens leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 38

RhoGAM

Answer 38

removes old traces of the Rh antigen so the mother doesn’t produce antibodies

• prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn
• RhoGAM protects the second Rh+ baby
• take after delivery of the first pregnancy