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A+P 2 > Chapter 26 The Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A
  1. Excretes waste products
  2. Regulates composition of blood
  3. Produces Renin
  4. Produces Erythropoietin
  5. Activates Vitamin D
  6. Gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

Functions of the Urinary System: Excretes waste products

A

like urea, uric acid, creatinine (nitrogenous wastes, made by our body)

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3
Q

Functions of the Urinary System: Regulates composition of Blood

A

ions, pH, blood volume (how much water)

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4
Q

Functions of the Urinary System: Produces Renin

A

(enzyme)
Angiotensinogen— Renin by kidneys—> Angiotensin 1 (inactive)—– ACE made by lungs–> Angiotensin II

  • occurs when blood pressure is to low
  • Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
  • ACE= angiotensin converting enzyme
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5
Q

Functions of the Urinary System: Produces erythropoietin

A

in response to low oxygen levels

-erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis to make more RBCs made by the red bone marrow which will carry more oxygen

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6
Q

Functions of the Urinary System: Activates Vitamin D

A

Skin makes (inactive) Vitamin D—> Liver Vitamin D–> active Vitamin D activated by the Kidneys

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7
Q

Functions of the Urinary System: Gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of noncarbohydrates (fats) into glucose

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8
Q

What are the organs that perform the functions of the urinary system?

A

The Kidneys

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9
Q

The other structures of the urinary system that store or carry urine out of the body are?

A
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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10
Q

Anatomy of the Kidney

A
  • Retroperitoneal- located between dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum
  • 3 layers of supportive tissue:
    1. Renal Fascia
    2. Adipose Capsule
    3. Renal Capsule
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11
Q

3 Main Regions of the Kidney

A
  1. Renal Cortex
  2. Renal Medulla
  3. Renal Pelvis
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12
Q

What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

-there are over 1 million nephrons per kidney

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13
Q

Structure of a Nephron

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle

2. Renal Tubules

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14
Q

Structure of a Nephron: Renal Corpuscle

A
  • filtration of blood takes place here
  • consists of:
    a. Glomerulus
    b. Bowman’s Capsule
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15
Q

Structure of a Nephron: Renal Tubules

A
  • Filtrate is processed to form urine
  • consists of:
    a. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
    b. Loop of Henle
    c. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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16
Q

2 kinds of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical Nephrons

2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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17
Q

2 kinds of Nephrons: Cortical Nephrons

A
  • 85% of all nephrons
  • Most of the nephron located in cortex of kidney
  • Have short Loops of Henle
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18
Q

2 kinds of Nephrons: Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A
  • 15% of all nephrons
  • Most of the nephron located near the border between the cortex and medulla of kidney
  • Have long Loops of Henle
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19
Q

Nephrons have 2 Capillary Beds

A
  1. Glomerulus- exchanges with Bowman’s capsule (filtration)

2. Peritubular Capillaries- exchange with the renal tubules (reabsorption and secretion)

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20
Q

Nephrons have 2 Capillary Beds: Glomerulus

A

exchanges with the Bowman’s capsule (filtration)

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21
Q

Nephrons have 2 Capillary Beds: Peritubular Capillaries

A

exchange with the renal tubules (reabsorption and secretion)

-Vasa Recta are peritubular capillaries that exchange with the long Loops of Henle

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22
Q

Flow of Blood Through the Kidneys

A

Renal Artery—-arteries—> afferent arterioles—->glomerulus (filtration)—->efferent arterioles—> peritubular capillaries or vasa recta (reabsorption and secretion)—>veins—>renal vein

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23
Q

Flow of Filtrate through the Kidneys

A

Filtrate forms in Bowman’s Capsule—-> PCT—> descending limb of loop of Henle—> ascending limb of loop of Henle—> DCT—> Collecting Ducts

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24
Q

Filtrate

A

fluid that enters the Bowman’s capsule and flows through the renal tubules

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25
Q

Urine

A

fluid leaving the collecting ducts

26
Q

Kidney Physiology

A
  • Blood flow through kidneys= 1200ml/min
  • GFR (rate of filtrate formation)= 120ml/min
  • Rate of urine formation= 1.2ml/min
27
Q

Kidney Physiology: Blood flow through kidneys

A

1200ml/min

28
Q

Kidney Physiology: GFR (rate filtrate formation)

A

120ml/min

29
Q

Kidney Physiology: Rate of urine formation

A

1.2ml/min

30
Q

3 Steps in Urine Formation

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration- makes filtrate
  2. Tubular Reabsorption- substance leave filtrate and enter the blood in peritubular capillaries
  3. Tubular Secretion- substances leave the blood in peritubular capillaries and enter filtrate
31
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • passive, nonselective process
  • Hydrostatic pressures force fluids across filtration membrane
  • Fluids move out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s Capsule
32
Q

The Filtration Membrane is

A
  • Very Thin- 0.1 micrometers
  • Very Permeable- consists of:
    a. fenestrated capillaries (wall of glomerulus, has pores and clefts, very leaky)
    b. Podocytes (inner wall of the Bowman’s capsule, has filtration slits)
    c. basal lamina
33
Q

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP) is

A

55mmHg

34
Q 
NFP= HP(glomerulus) - (OP (glomerulus + HP (capsule))
NFP= +, then?
NFP= -, then?
A

If NFP= +, then filtration occurs

if NFP= -, then reabsorption occurs

35
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration

A
  • Myogenic Mechanism
  • Macula Densa Cells- chemoreceptors in ascending limb
  • Juxtaglomerular Cells- secrete Renin
36
Q

What is secreted by Juxtaglomerular cells due to low blood pressure in glomerulus?

A

Renin

Angiotensinogen–renin–> angiotensin I—ACE–> angiotensin II

37
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A
  • 99% of water and many solutes in the filtrate return to the blood
  • the chemical composition of the filtrate is adjusted
38
Q

Tubular Secretion

A
  • substances in the blood in the peritubular capillaries enter the filtrate in the renal tubules and collecting ducts
  • helps get rid of waste products
  • helps maintain blood pH
39
Q

What happens in the first and second capillary beds?

A

1st- filtration

2nd- tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion

40
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration: Myogenic Mechanism

A

-smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole

able to dilate or constrict, automatically adjust diameter to make sure pressures are right

41
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration: Macula Densa Cells

A

chemoreceptors of the ascending limb (detect chemical composition of filtrate to adjust pressures going through glomerulus)
-detect chemically adjustment of afferent arterioles

42
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration: Juxtaglomerular Cells

A

pressure sensors detect low pressures and will produce Renin (enzyme)

Angiotensinogen—Renin–> Angiotensin I—-> ACE—> angiotensin II
-angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction; increase blood pressure throughout the body and kidneys

43
Q

Filtrate Contains

A
  • water
  • wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
  • Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca+2, Mg+2)
  • Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, lipids)
44
Q

Tubular Reabsorption in different parts of the renal tubule

A

PCT
Long Loops of Henle
DCT + Collecting Ducts

45
Q

Tubular Reabsorption in different parts of the renal tubule: PCT

A

most of selective reabsorption occurs here (select what gets back into the blood)
-driven by the active transport of Na+

46
Q

Tubular Reabsorption in different parts of the renal tubule: Long Loops of Henle

A

Reabsorption generates osmotic gradients in medulla

47
Q

Tubular Reabsorption in different parts of the renal tubule: DCT + Collecting Ducts

A

reabsorption mainly regulated by hormones

48
Q

PCT Tubular Reabsorption

A

Mechanism
Na+ Primary active transport (Na+ K+ pump)

Glucose, Secondary Active transport, use
amino acids, specific carriers
vitamins

Water Osmosis by Obligatory water
reabsorption

Some ions Passive, Paracellular

Urea, Uric Acid
Lipids (lipid-soluble Passive, no specific carriers
substances)

Proteins Endocytosis & digested to amino
acids

Creatinine Not Reabsorbed

49
Q

Long Loops of Henle Tubular Reabsorption

A

Descending Limb: water reabsorbed to blood (lose water, water comes out)
Ascending Limb: solutes reabsorbed to blood (lose solutes, solutes leave)

Generates osmotic gradients in medulla (300- 1200 mOsmolar) 
Descending Limb is:
-permeable to water
-impermeable to solutes
Ascending Limb is:
-permeable to solutes
-impermeable to water
50
Q

DCT & Collecting Ducts Tubular Reabsorption

A

Regulated by Hormones

Water Osmosis by facultative water
reabsorption needs ADH

Na+ Active transport of Na+ needs
ALDOSTERONE

Urea Passive, urea leaks out in deep
parts of medulla

51
Q

Tubular Secretion of Certain drugs, Urea & Uric Acid, H+ or bicarbonate ions, K+ ions

A

Secretion of: Located: Function:

Certain Drugs PCT Rid body of drugs
(Penicillin)

Urea &
Uric Acid PCT Rid body of waste products

H+ or bicarbonate
ions PCT Regulate blood pH

K+ ions DCT & Collecting ducts Regulates blood K+

52
Q

Osmolarity

A

of solute particles per 1 liter of water

  • a measure of a solution’s ability to cause osmosis (water movements)
  • body fluids are maintained at 300 mOsm
53
Q

Formation of Dilute Urine

A
  • Stimulus is excess water in the body (low osmolarity <300 mOsm in plasma)
  • ADH release is inhibited; collecting ducts are impermeable to water
  • No facultative water reabsorption
  • Large volume of dilute urine excreted
54
Q

Diuretic

A

substances that increase urine output

55
Q

Formation of Concentrated Urine needs

A
  • Medullary osmotic gradient (300- 1200 mOsm)

- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which causes collecting ducts to be permeable to water

56
Q

Formation of Concentrated Urine

A
  • Stimulus is dehydration (high osmolarity, >300mOsm in plasma)
  • ADH is released; collecting ducts permeable to water
  • Facultative water reabsorption occurs
  • Small volume of concentrated urine excreted
57
Q

Countercurrent Mechanism

A

Osmotic gradients in the medulla are mainly due to the countercurrent mechanism
It consists of:
a. Countercurrent Multiplier- Long Loops of Henle which generate the gradient
b. Countercurrent Exchanger- Vasa Recta which maintains the gradient

58
Q

Countercurrent Mechanism: Countercurrent Multiplier

A

Long Loops of Henle which generate the gradient

59
Q

Countercurrent Mechanism: Countercurrent Exchanger

A

Vasa Recta which maintains the gradient

60
Q

Normal Urine Components

A
  • 95% water
  • Urea
  • Uric Acid
  • Creatinine
  • Ions- Na+, K+, Phosphate, Sulfate, Ca++. Mg++, bicarbonate
61
Q

Abnormal Urine Components

A

Possible causes
-Glucose Diabetes Mellitus

  • Proteins Renal Disease, High BP
  • RBC Bleeding in urinary tract
  • WBC Infection
  • Bilirubin Liver Disease
  • Ketone Bodies Diabetes, extreme diets

A+P 2 (24 decks)

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