The respiratory system

Question 1

there are 4

main functions of the respiratory system(RS)

Answer 1

Ecxhange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood
Keeping body pH stable
Protection from harmful substances Vocalisation

Question 2

how does the RS maintain a stable pH

Answer 2

The respiratory system regulates body pH by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) through breathing. Exhalation removes excess CO2, preventing the buildup of acidic compounds

Question 3

how does the RS protect us from harmful substances

Answer 3

acts as a protective barrier by filtering and moistening inhaled air in the nasal passages, trapping harmful particles and microorganisms.

Question 4

there are 4

components of the URS(upper respiratory system )

Answer 4

Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 5

what happens to the air when it enters the URS

Answer 5

becomes warm, wet, and filtered

Question 6

there are 4

components of the LRS

Answer 6

The trachea
Two primary bronchi
Branches of bronchi (22 divisions)
The lungs

Question 7

the main types of cells found in the alveoli

Answer 7

alveolar I cells
alveolar II cells
Alveolar machrophages

Question 8

function of surfactants

Answer 8

lowering surface tension at the air–liquid interface and thus preventing alveolar collapse during expiration

Question 9

functions of alveolar I cells

Answer 9

The thin structure of type I cells allows for efficient gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

Question 10

functions of alveolar II cells

Answer 10

Type II cells can act as stem cells, capable of differentiating into type I cells and replenishing the alveolar epithelium

produce surfactants

Question 11

pleura

Answer 11

Double walled closed sac separating each lung from the thoracic wall

Question 12

function of the pleura

Answer 12

The pleura provides a protective covering for the lungs, reducing friction between the lungs and the chest wall during breathing movements

The pleura’s lubricating fluid between its layers allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly during inhalation and exhalation

The pleura helps maintain the position of the lungs within the chest cavity, ensuring proper lung function and preventing collapse

Question 13

function of the pleural fluid

Answer 13

Keeps membranes together and provides lubrication

Question 14

there are 2

divisions of the pleura

Answer 14

Parietal pleura - attached to the wall of the thoracic cage
Visceral pleura - attached to the lungs

Question 15

think about the pulmonary artery

pulmonary arterioles carry oxygenated blood, true or false?

Answer 15

false, they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 16

pulmonary venules carry oxygenated blood, true or false?

Answer 16

true

Question 17

ideal gas equation

Answer 17

PV= nRT

Question 18

state Boyle’s law

Answer 18

the pressure and volume of a gas in a system are inversely related

Question 19

function of the spirometer

Answer 19

used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.
It is commonly employed in pulmonary function tests to assess respiratory health and diagnose various respiratory conditions

Question 20

describe the movements of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation

Answer 20

during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, and the chest expands

during exhalation, it relaxes and chest contracts

Question 21

what happens to intrapleural pressure during inhalation, and recoil

Answer 21

it becomes more negative during inhalation

returns to the initial value during recoil

Question 22

trans-pulmonary pressure

Answer 22

refers to the pressure difference between the alveoli (the small air sacs in the lungs) and the pleural cavity

Question 23

there are 3

state the pressure types in respiration

Answer 23

interpleural
interpulmonary
trans-pulmonary

Question 24

when is intrapleural pressure negative

Answer 24

Intrapleural pressure is negative under normal conditions during the entire respiratory cycle, both during inhalation and exhalation

Question 25

the essence of the negative interpleural pressure

Answer 25

This negative intrapleural pressure is essential for maintaining lung inflation and preventing lung collapse.

Question 26

anatomical dead space

Answer 26

Anatomical dead space refers to the volume of air in the respiratory system that does not participate in gas exchange. It includes the air in the conducting airways, such as the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, where no exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs with the blood

Question 27

the volume of air that takes part in gas exchange in known as

Answer 27

the tidal volume

Question 28

name three examples of pathological conditions that cause hypoxia

Answer 28

asthma
pulmonary edema
ephysema

Question 29

factors that influence gas exchange between the alveoli and blood

Answer 29

Air composition
Ventilation properties(e.g. resistance)
Perfusion
Properties of diffusion between Alveoli and blood

Question 30

perfusion

Answer 30

refers to the process through which blood is delivered to tissues, providing them with oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products

Question 31

during respiration, ventilation and perfusion are matched, true or false

Answer 31

true

Question 32

what happens is CO2 is not removed from the body

Answer 32

pH disturbance (acidosis)
High CO2 levels can cause problems to nervous system function

Question 33

cyanosis

Answer 33

a bluish discoloration of the skin, occurs when methaemoglobin levels rise, reducing the blood’s ability to transport oxygen

Question 33

what does elevated methaemoglobin levels cause

Answer 33

cyanosis

Question 34

enzyme that catalyses the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid

Answer 34

carbonic anhydrase

Question 35

name 3 reasons for measuring lung capacity

Answer 35

Preventive Health Screening
Diagnosis and Monitoring
Assessment of Respiratory Health

Question 36

its Fe2+ in normal haemoglobin

which ion are the haem groups bound to in methaemoglobin

Answer 36

Fe3+