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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > adaptive immune system > Flashcards

adaptive immune system Flashcards

1
Q

the two types of response produced by the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cell mediated response

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2
Q

the two main characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

specificity
memory

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3
Q

the main cells of the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

the two main types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system

A

B and T cells

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5
Q

functions of the B cells

A

Production of antibodies
Antigen presentation Cytokine secretion

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6
Q

where are B cells produced
where do they mature
what type of immune response do they produce

A

in the bone marrow

bone marrow

humoral response

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7
Q

functions of an antibody

A

agglutination
opsonisation
immunological memory
activation of immune cells
neutralisation
killing pathogens

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8
Q

state as many features of antibodies that you know(including the basic structure)

A

Y-shaped proteins

consist of 4 polypeptide chains held together by disulphide bonds

the polypeptides are grouped into two heavy and light chains

both chains are made up of a variable site and a constant site (domain)

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9
Q

what feature of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens

A

Enormous diversity of antibody paratopeson the antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies

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10
Q

the major blood immunoglobin

A

IgG antibody

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11
Q

the IgG antibody is an opsonin, true or false

A

true

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12
Q

name one of the unique functions of IgG that differentiates it from other Immunoglobins

A

its ability to cross the placenta during maternal-foetal transfer.

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13
Q

the earliest Ig to be produced after contact with a new antigen

A

IgM antibody

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14
Q

on which cells are IgM antibodies expressed

A

B cells

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15
Q

other functions of the IgG

A

opsonisation
complement fixation

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16
Q

other functions of the IgM

A

agglutination
complement fixation

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17
Q

the IgM antibody is pentameric, true or false

A

true

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18
Q

is IgA a dimer or a monomer

A

dimer

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19
Q

monomer units of IgA

A

Serum IgA

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20
Q

second most prevalent immunoglobin in the serum

A

IgA

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21
Q

unique function of the IgA antibody

A

protects external or mucosal surfaces

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22
Q

which immunoglobin has an unknown function

A

IgD

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23
Q

which antibody is THOUGHT to be the B cell receptor for antigens

A

IgD

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24
Q

IgD is thought to be expressed on which types of cells

A

B cells

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25
Q

clonal selection

A

a process in immunology where the immune system responds to specific threats by selecting and multiplying immune cells with receptors that recognize the encountered antigens (foreign substances)

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26
Q

clonal expansion

A

refers to the rapid proliferation or multiplication of a specific type of immune cell, forming a population of identical cells, known as a clone

27
Q

the T in T cells stands for

A

Thymus

28
Q

where do t-cells originate from, and mature

A

the bone marrow

in the thymus

29
Q

can the T cells bind to free antigens in the body

A

no

30
Q

the two main types of T cells

A

Killer T cells (CD8)
Helper T cells(CD4)

31
Q

the structural variation between CD8 and CD4

A

CD8 is a glycoprotein composed of two chains, an alpha chain, and a beta chain, which are linked together. It forms a heterodimer

while

CD4 is a glycoprotein composed of four immunoglobulin-like domains and is associated with a single transmembrane chain. It forms a monomer.

32
Q

functions of CD4

A

Secrete small proteins called cytokines
Activate immune response by activating other immune cell

33
Q

functions of CD8

A

Destroy virally infected cells and tumour cells
Implicated in transplant rejection and autoimmune disease

34
Q

the MHC meaning

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)

35
Q

the five classes of antibodies

A

IgG
IgM
IgD
IgA
IgE

35
Q

main function of IgE

A

provide immunity against parasites such as Helminths

36
Q

other functions of IgE

A

plays an essential role in type 1 hypersensitivity

37
Q

in humans, MHC is also known as

A

human leucocyte antigen (HLA)

38
Q

how does the binding of antibodies to antigens inactivate the antigens

A

by blocking the viral binding sites or bacterial antigens

Agglutination of particulate antigens

precipitation of soluble antigens

activation of complement system

39
Q

Most abundant immunoglobulin in serum

A

IgG

40
Q

FAB region of antibody

A

Region that binds to an antigen

41
Q

Epitope

A

Part of antigen bound by the antibody

42
Q

Immunoglobulins present at lowest concentration of all antibody classes in the blood

A

IgE

43
Q

Immunoglobulin involved in asthma and allergy prevention

A

IgE

44
Q

complement fixation

A

Complement fixation is a process by which antibodies, specifically immunoglobulins of the IgM and IgG classes, activate the complement system

45
Q

which type of T cells cells are implicated in transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases

A

CD8

46
Q

briefly describe how the complement system works(just the main points will be enough)

A

The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism. It consists of a group of proteins that, when activated, work together in a cascade of events. The process begins when antibodies, particularly IgM or IgG, bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens. This binding triggers a conformational change in the antibodies, exposing a site for complement proteins. The initial complement protein, C1q, recognizes the altered antibodies and initiates the complement cascade. This cascade involves a series of enzymatic reactions that result in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC creates pores in the membranes of target cells, leading to their lysis. Additionally, complement activation promotes opsonization, enhancing the recognition and engulfment of pathogens by phagocytic cells. The complement system also contributes to inflammation, attracting immune cells to the site of infection. Overall, complement activation plays a crucial role in the immune response, providing a coordinated and effective defense against pathogens

47
Q

can T cells recognise free antigens

A

no

48
Q

for antigens to be recognised by T cells, what should they be associated with

A

MHC protein

49
Q

on which chromosome in humans can we MHC
what about in mouse

A

chromosome 6

chromosome 17

50
Q

in humans the MHC is also known as

A

the HLA( human leucocyte antigen)

51
Q

what are the two classes of the MHC

A

class I
class II

52
Q

what is a similarity between the class I and class II MHC genes

A

they are both polymorphic
they both code for cell surface proteins

53
Q

differences between the MHC coded proteins by class I and class II MHCs (respectively)

A

Class I is expressed on all nucleated cells while class II has restricted expression, found on cells in immune system

Involved in antigen recognition of CD8 cells while class II Involved in antigen recognition of CD4 cells

54
Q

examples of cells that act as APCs

A

Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages, Langerhans Cells, monocytes, microglial cells

55
Q

after a pathogen has been recognised by the cytotoxic T cells, how are the pathogens killed(outline the process)

A

Clonal Expansion of cytotoxic T cells

Effector cytotoxic T cells approach the infected cell and release cytotoxic granules.
Perforin, a protein present in the granules, forms pores in the membrane of the infected cell

Through the pores created by perforin, granzymes enter the target cell.

Induction of Apoptosis

Macrophages or other phagocytic cells recognize and engulf the apoptotic cell debris for clearance

56
Q

functions of caspases in apoptosis

A

they cleave key cellular components in the target cell, leading to DNA fragmentation.

57
Q

which type of enzymes activate caspases

A

granzymes

58
Q

vaccination

A

a way of stimulating the immune system to provide protection from disease caused by a pathogen without subjecting the host to disease

59
Q

pioneer of modern vaccination

A

Edward jenner

60
Q

types of vaccines

A

Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines (killed antigen)
Subunit vaccines(purified antigens)
Toxoid vaccines(inactivated toxins)

61
Q

what are some properties of an ideal vaccine

A

safety
price
stability
ease of administration

62
Q

all nucleated cells should have which class of MHC molecule?

A

MHC I

63
Q
A

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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