ORGANiC MOLECULES(carbohydrates)

Question 1

why are carbohydrates the most abundant organic molecules

Answer 1

because of the abundance of photosynthetic organisms like plants and algae

Question 2

essential proteins

Answer 2

proteins that cannot be coded for by our DNA and should therefore be consumed in our diet

Question 3

what is the essence of flavin nucleotides?

Answer 3

they are important for oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 4

when in a protein structure, amino acids are referred to as

Answer 4

residues

Question 5

what are blood group distinctions between certain people due to

Answer 5

specific sugars on the red blood cells

Question 6

how are carbohydrates classified?

Answer 6

based on the;
number of sugars present
number of carbon atoms
the functional group

Question 7

carbohydrates with between 3-10 sugars present

carbohydrates with more than 10 sugars present

Answer 7

Oligosaccharides

polysaccharides

Question 8

how are monosaccharides numbered?

Answer 8

numbered beginning at the end that contains the carbonyl carbon

Question 9

The general formula of carbohydrates

Answer 9

(CH20)n
n represents the number of carbon atoms

Question 10

aldoses

ketoses

Answer 10

carbohydrates with the carbonyl group at the end of the molecule

carbohydrates with the carbonyl group elsewhere in the molecule

Question 11

isomers

Answer 11

compounds with the same chemical(molecular) formula but different structures

Question 12

constitutional isomers

Answer 12

they differ in the order of attachment of atoms

Question 13

diastereoisomers

the two classifications of diastereoisomers

Answer 13

isomers that are not mirror images of each other

epimers and anomers

Question 14

epimers

anomers

Answer 14

carbohydrate isomers that only differ in configuration around one specific carbon
atom(with the exception of the carbonyl carbon atom)

isomers that differ on a new asymmetric carbon formed on ring closure

Question 15

pyran

Answer 15

a six-membered ring

Question 16

difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 16

the hydroxyl group is below the carbon 1 atom in an alpha glucose molecule and above it in a beta glucose molecule

Question 17

when is acyclic monosaccharide considered
alpha
beta

Answer 17

when the CH2OH(containing carbon 6) group is opposite the hydroxyl group

when the CH2OH(containing carbon 6) group is on the same side as the hydroxyl group

Question 18

furan

Answer 18

a five-membered ring

Question 19

anomeric carbon

Answer 19

after cyclization, the former carbonyl carbon is referred to as the anomeric carbon

Question 20

for a monosaccharide enantiomer to be considered as D or L, which carbon should be considered

when is the enantiomer considered a D
when is the enantiomer considered a L

Answer 20

carbon 5

when the OH group is on the right of carbon 5
when the OH group is on the left of carbon 5

Question 21

the bond that links monosaccharides is known as?
which enzymes catalyze the formation of this bond?

Answer 21

Glycosidic bond

glycosyltransferases

Question 22

what are the monosaccharides that make up the following up the following;
lactose

maltose

sucrose

Answer 22

beta galactose and alpha glucose

alpha glucose and alpha glucose

alpha glucose and beta fructose

Question 23

are all monosaccharides reducing sugars? why?

Answer 23

yes
because the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is not linked to any other molecule, so it can be an open ring

Question 24

the storage form of glucose in animals

Answer 24

glycogen

Question 25

GLYCOGEN
subunits
bonds
branches ?

Answer 25

alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
yes, there is a branch after every ten subunits

Question 26

CELLULOSE
subunits
bonds
branches?

Answer 26

beta glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
no

Question 27

STARCH FORMS?
AMYLOSE
subunits
bonds
branches?

AMYLOPECTIN
subunits
bonds
branches?

Answer 27

two, amylopectin and amylose

alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
no

alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
yes, there are branches after every 20 subunits

Question 28

which between amylopectin and glycogen is able to store more energy and why

Answer 28

glycogen, as it is more compact due to there being more branches

Question 29

If the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in a cyclic monosaccharide is not linked to another compound, then what happens?

Answer 29

the ring can open, and the sugar can therefore act as a reducing agent, thereby the name reducing sugars.

Question 30

in complex carbohydrates, If the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an –NH2 group, then what name is given to;
the structure formed
the bond formed

If the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an OH group, the what name is given to;
the structure
the bond formed

Answer 30

N-glycoside

N- glycosidic link

O-glycoside
O-glycosidic link