ORGANiC MOLECULES(carbohydrates) Flashcards
why are carbohydrates the most abundant organic molecules
because of the abundance of photosynthetic organisms like plants and algae
essential proteins
proteins that cannot be coded for by our DNA and should therefore be consumed in our diet
what is the essence of flavin nucleotides?
they are important for oxidation-reduction reactions
when in a protein structure, amino acids are referred to as
residues
what are blood group distinctions between certain people due to
specific sugars on the red blood cells
how are carbohydrates classified?
based on the;
number of sugars present
number of carbon atoms
the functional group
carbohydrates with between 3-10 sugars present
carbohydrates with more than 10 sugars present
Oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
how are monosaccharides numbered?
numbered beginning at the end that contains the carbonyl carbon
The general formula of carbohydrates
(CH20)n
n represents the number of carbon atoms
aldoses
ketoses
carbohydrates with the carbonyl group at the end of the molecule
carbohydrates with the carbonyl group elsewhere in the molecule
isomers
compounds with the same chemical(molecular) formula but different structures
constitutional isomers
they differ in the order of attachment of atoms
diastereoisomers
the two classifications of diastereoisomers
isomers that are not mirror images of each other
epimers and anomers
epimers
anomers
carbohydrate isomers that only differ in configuration around one specific carbon
atom(with the exception of the carbonyl carbon atom)
isomers that differ on a new asymmetric carbon formed on ring closure
pyran
a six-membered ring
difference between alpha and beta glucose
the hydroxyl group is below the carbon 1 atom in an alpha glucose molecule and above it in a beta glucose molecule
when is acyclic monosaccharide considered
alpha
beta
when the CH2OH(containing carbon 6) group is opposite the hydroxyl group
when the CH2OH(containing carbon 6) group is on the same side as the hydroxyl group
furan
a five-membered ring
anomeric carbon
after cyclization, the former carbonyl carbon is referred to as the anomeric carbon
for a monosaccharide enantiomer to be considered as D or L, which carbon should be considered
when is the enantiomer considered a D
when is the enantiomer considered a L
carbon 5
when the OH group is on the right of carbon 5
when the OH group is on the left of carbon 5
the bond that links monosaccharides is known as?
which enzymes catalyze the formation of this bond?
Glycosidic bond
glycosyltransferases
what are the monosaccharides that make up the following up the following;
lactose
maltose
sucrose
beta galactose and alpha glucose
alpha glucose and alpha glucose
alpha glucose and beta fructose
are all monosaccharides reducing sugars? why?
yes
because the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is not linked to any other molecule, so it can be an open ring
the storage form of glucose in animals
glycogen
GLYCOGEN
subunits
bonds
branches ?
alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
yes, there is a branch after every ten subunits
CELLULOSE
subunits
bonds
branches?
beta glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
no
STARCH FORMS?
AMYLOSE
subunits
bonds
branches?
AMYLOPECTIN
subunits
bonds
branches?
two, amylopectin and amylose
alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
no
alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
yes, there are branches after every 20 subunits
which between amylopectin and glycogen is able to store more energy and why
glycogen, as it is more compact due to there being more branches
If the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in a cyclic monosaccharide is not linked to another compound, then what happens?
the ring can open, and the sugar can therefore act as a reducing agent, thereby the name reducing sugars.
in complex carbohydrates, If the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an –NH2 group, then what name is given to;
the structure formed
the bond formed
If the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an OH group, the what name is given to;
the structure
the bond formed
N-glycoside
N- glycosidic link
O-glycoside
O-glycosidic link
