Introduction to respiratory diseases Flashcards
give some examples of respiratory diseases
Influenza
Pneumonia Tuberculosis
Asthma
COPD(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Lung Cancer
organisms capable of infecting the respiratory tract
bacteria
viruses(makes up most of the pathogens that infect the URT)
fungi
in which conditions might an organism surpass the defense mechanisms of the lower respiratory tract
if the defense mechanisms are weakened
if the organism is particularly virulent
if the organism is present in large numbers
virulent(of a disease or poison): extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
factors that might weaken the defence barriers of the respiratory system
Cigarette smoking, which can paralyze the cilia lining cells of the respiratory passages and impair removal of secretions, particles and microorganisms.
The presence of a respiratory pathogen such as the cold or influenza virus
Immunosuppression…etc
influenza symptoms
Headache
Fever
chills
Muscle aches
Nasal discharge
Unproductive cough
Sore throat
what is the consequence when the influenza virus affects the tissue of the lung itself
leads to viral pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Exacerbation of Underlying Respiratory Conditions
three treatments of influenza
Bed rest, fluids, warmth Antiviral drugs
Influenza vaccine
will the influenza vaccine be effective against strains that are not present in the vaccine
no
pneumonia
a respiratory infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
microorganisms that can cause pneumonia
bacteria
viruses
fungi
symptoms of pneumonia
cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, chills, and fatigue, loss of appetite
general methods of treatment for pneumonia
Antibiotics Medication
Oxygen Therapy
Airway Clearance Therapy
Fluid Management
ways to prevent pneumonia
vaccination
washing hands
using masks
quitting smoking
name of the bacteria that causes pneumonia
often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, but other bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus can also be responsible
bacteria that causes tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
can tuberculosis be fatal
yes
some risk factors of TB
Institutionalized patients
Intravenous drug use
HIV or other immunodeficiency
Travel to high-risk regions
think about how they serve as risk factors to TB
how do we contract TB
generally spread through the air when aperson who has TB disease frequently sneezes,coughs, speaks or sings near others for a long period of time. Persons who breathe in air containing TB germs can become infected with TB
symptoms of active TB
loss of appetite
coughing up blood
chest pains during breathing
fatigue
night sweats
prolonged and persistent coughing
unintended weight loss
the range of time during which TB could be cured with medication
6-12 months
drugs used in the intensive(initial) phase of TB treatment
lasts for the first 2 months of treatment
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide
these drugs are classed as antimycobacterials
medication used in the continuation phase of TB treatment
this phase usually lasts between 4-6 months
Rifampicin, Ethambutol(optional), Pyrazinamide
asthma
a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways, leading to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing
is the obstruction of the airway during asthma reversible?
yes
name three factors that lead to the difficulty in breathing in asthma
Inflammation (swelling)
Mucus in the airways
Tightening of muscles around the airways
symptoms of asthma
chest tightness
shortness of breath
difficulty breathing
coughing
a wheezing or whistling sound in the chest
what are some common asthma triggers
allergy
pollution
pollen
dust
stress
CAN ASTHMA BE CURED
No but can be controlled
some ways to control asthma
avoiding triggers
usage of medications to control symptoms
the two classifications of drugs that are usually used in asthma treatment
long-term drugs
quick-relief drugs
there are five checkpoints to define this
complete control of asthma is defined as
No daytime symptoms
No night-time waking due to asthma
No need for rescue medication
No asthma attacks
No limitations on activity including exercise
treatment for asthma
usage of long-term drugs and
quick-relief drugs
inhalers
types of viruses that cause influenza
there are 4
influenza virus A, B , C D
B primarily infects humans, while A infects most animals(including humans). C infects humans too but D is not known to do so.
most common one that causes influenza is A
describe how the mantoux skin test works
this is the diagnostic test for TB
The Mantoux skin test is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis (TB). A small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected under the skin, usually on the forearm. A positive reaction, indicated by a raised, red bump, suggests exposure to the TB bacterium. The size of the bump is measured within 48 to 72 hours to assess the individual’s immune response and potential TB infection.
what are some of the things a patient can do when they have asthma
Identify and minimize contact with your asthmatrigger(s)
Understand and take asthma medications as prescribed
Recognize early signs that your asthma is getting worse
Know what to do when your asthma is getting worse
