the musculoskeletal system

Question 1

the cartillage prevents the end of the bones from rubbing directly onto each other, true or false

Answer 1

true

Question 2

some functions of the muscular system

Answer 2

Body movement (Locomotion)* Maintenance of posture

Respiration– Diaphragm and intercostal contractions

Communication (Verbal and Facial)

Constriction of organs and vessels– Peristalsis of the GI tract–

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels and other structures (pupils)

Heart beat

Production of body heat (Thermogenesis)

Question 3

properties of the muscle

Answer 3

Contractility: ability of a muscle to shorten and generate pulling force

Excitability: capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

Extensibility: muscle can be stretched back to its original length

Elasticity: ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after

Question 4

functions of skeletal muscles

Answer 4

Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory movements, other types of body movements…

Question 5

skeletal cells are mononucleated, true or false

Answer 5

false, they are multinucleated

they are formed by the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts during their development

Question 6

skeletal muscles are said to be controlled by which neurons

Answer 6

somatic motor neurons

therefore, they initiate voluntary muscle contractions

Question 7

skeletal muscles are striated, true or false

The term “striated” in the context of skeletal muscles refers to the striped or banded appearance of muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

functions of the smooth muscle

Answer 8

propel urine

mix food in digestive tract

dilating/constricting pupils

regulating blood flow

Question 9

the smooth muscles are controlled involuntarily by which body systems

Answer 9

the endocrine and autonomous nervous systems

Question 10

smooth muscles are mononucleated, true or false

Answer 10

true

Question 11

smooth muscles are striated, true or false

Answer 11

false

Question 12

smooth muscles are autorhythmic in some locations in the body, true or false

Answer 12

true

Question 13

are cardiac muscles striated ?

are they mononucleated?

Answer 13

yes

yes

Question 14

which body systems control the cardiac muscle

Answer 14

Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous system

Question 15

both are points where the muscle attaches to the bone

difference between the insertion and the origins

Answer 15

This is the movable or distal attachment point of a muscle. It is typically the end of the muscle that is furthest from the body’s midline or core

while

This is the fixed or proximal attachment point of a muscle. It is typically the end of the muscle that is closest to the body’s midline or core.

Question 16

name the two ways in which the muscles attach to the bones

Answer 16

indirect attachment

direct attachment

the most common form of attachment is the indirect one

Question 17

during indirect attachment to the bone, what happens to the epimysium, and where does it attach to

Answer 17

Epimysium extends beyond muscle as a tendon

Attaches to periosteum of bone

Question 18

during direct attachment to the bones, what happens to the epimysium

Answer 18

it fuses or adheres to the periosteum

Question 18

name the three connective tissue layers that surround the skeletal muscle

Answer 18

Epimysium: The outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

Perimysium: A layer of connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers called a fascicle.

Endomysium: The innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Question 19

the cell membrane surrounding the muscle fibre is known as

Answer 19

sarcolemma

made of repeating units of sarcomere

Question 20

the 2 main contractile proteins found in the muscle fibres

Answer 20

actin and myosin

These proteins are organized in a highly structured manner within the muscle fibers and interact during muscle contraction to generate force and produce movement

Question 21

the basic functional unit of the muscoloskeletal system

Answer 21

joints

Question 22

the three types of joints

Answer 22

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 23

there are 4 answers to this

muscles fibres vary depending on?

Answer 23

The predominant pathway utilized to synthesize ATP - aerobic or anaerobic

The amount of myoglobin (oxygen store) – high or low

The type of work they do – sustained or short

Efficiency of ATPase - decompose ATP slowly or rapidly

Question 25

fibrous joints contain connective tissue and can move, true or false

Answer 25

false, they cannot move but contain connective tissue

Question 26

how many types of fibrous joints do we have

name them

Answer 26

3

Suture
Syndesmosis Gomphosis

they have no joint cavaties

Question 27

cartilaginous joints entirely connected by?

Answer 27

cartillage

Question 28

how many types of cartilaginous joints?
name them

Answer 28

2

Symphyses: Symphyses are permanent cartilaginous joints characterized by the presence of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones

Synchondroses: These are temporary cartilaginous joints where the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.

Question 29

the most mobile joint type

the least mobile joint type

Answer 29

synovial

fibrous

note that the cartilaginous ones allow little movement

Question 30

the weakest joint type

the most common joint type

Answer 30

synovial joints

synovial joint

Question 31

the basic components of synovial joints

Answer 31

articular cartillage
joint capsule
synovial cavity(contains synovial fluid )
ligaments
tendons
synovial membrane

articular cartillage made up of hyaline cartillage. only called”articular cartillage” because it aids articulation of the synovial joints

Question 32

function of the synovial fluid

Answer 32

lubricates the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage.

reduces friction between the bones and allows for smooth movement.

Question 33

do the articular cartilages at each end of the knee joints ever come in direct contact?
give a reason for your answer

Answer 33

no they do not

because they are separated by a thin film of joint fluid and two “shock absorbers” made of a different type of cartilage

note that these shock absorbers are the menisci(plural for meniscus)

Question 34

cartillages are said to be avascular, what does this mean

Answer 34

they do not have blood vessels

Question 35

main components of cartillages

Answer 35

gelatinous ground substance containing molecules such as chondroitin sulfate

Question 36

the ground substance of the cartillage is comprised of?

Answer 36

Collagen
Fibres of the protein elastin

note that the ground substance forms the extra-cellular matrix of the cartillage

Question 37

functions of the cartilage

Answer 37

provides support, flexibility, and resistance to compression

Question 38

the three types of cartillage

Answer 38

elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage

Question 39

function of ligaments

Answer 39

usually serve to hold structures together and keep them stable.

Question 40

outline the organisation of the muscle in hierarchical order

Answer 40

muscle
fascicles
muscle fibres
myofibrils
myofilaments

Question 41

properties of slow-twitch muscle fibres

Answer 41

Contract relatively slowly and generate less force.

Suited for endurance activities such as long-distance running or cycling.

Rich in mitochondria, allowing them to sustain energy production for longer periods.

Highly resistant to fatigue due to their efficient energy utilization.

Typically appear red in color due to their high myoglobin content, which aids in oxygen storage.

these fibres are fatigue-resistant

Question 42

some properties properties of fast-twitch fibres

Answer 42

Contract rapidly and generate greater force.

Suited for activities requiring short bursts of power, such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Less rich in mitochondria compared to slow-twitch fibers, leading to quicker fatigue.

Can be further classified into Type IIa (fast oxidative) and Type IIb (fast glycolytic) fibers based on their energy metabolism and fatigue resistance.

Often appear white in color due to lower myoglobin content.