the central dogma of life( translation and transcription)

Question 1

name the stages of transcription in eukaryotes

Answer 1

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 2

transcription of DNA

Answer 2

a fundamental biological process that involves the synthesis of a complementary RNA (ribonucleic acid) strand from a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) template

Question 3

what happens during the initiation stage of transcription

Answer 3

transcription factors bind to the promoter region upstream of the gene which needs to be transcribed.

Question 4

function of the promoter region

Answer 4

its primary function is to regulate the initiation of transcription, the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed into RNA.

Question 5

transcription factors function

Answer 5

they trigger the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA, to initiate transcription

Question 6

briefly describe the elongation stage of transcription

Answer 6

The elongation stage of transcription is the phase during which RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcription, moves along the DNA template strand, synthesizing an RNA molecule.

Question 7

in what direction does the RNA polymerase “walk” along the DNA template strand

Answer 7

from the 3’ to the 5’ direction

Question 8

briefly describe the termination stage of transcription

Answer 8

refers to the process of stopping transcription, and it happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as the terminator

Question 9

the polyadenylation signal

Answer 9

AAUAAA

Question 10

polyadenylation(poly-A tail addition)

Answer 10

post-transcriptional modification that occurs during the processing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) in eukaryotic cells.

Question 11

what is the purpose of polyadenylation?

Answer 11

it signals the termination of transcription

Question 12

splicing

Answer 12

a crucial post-transcriptional process in eukaryotic cells that involves the removal of non-coding sequences (introns) from the pre-mRNA and the joining together of coding sequences (exons) to produce a mature and functional mRNA molecule

Question 13

what happens when there are errors during splicing

Answer 13

can lead to the production of aberrant or non-functional proteins

they are associated with various genetic disorders and diseases.

Question 14

differences between genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 14

For prokaryotes;
DNA is in the cytoplasm
it has a circular chromosome
DNA not wound around histone proteins
it has no introns

For eukaryotes;
DNA in nucleus
linear chromosomes
DNA wound on histone proteins
has introns and exons

Question 15

DNA translation

Answer 15

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is used to synthesize a protein

Question 16

codons

Answer 16

blocks of 3 nucleotides coded into the sequence of amino acids

Question 17

During transcription, what name is given to the strand that RNA polymerase binds to

what about the strand that is not read

Answer 17

the template strand/ anti-sense strand

the coding strand

Question 18

what does it mean when we say the DNA code is redundant?

Answer 18

it means that several codons can code for one amino acid

Question 19

tRNA is aka

Answer 19

Transfer RNA

Question 20

structure of TRNA

Answer 20

it has a clover leaf structure

Question 21

when on tRNA can the anticodon be found

Answer 21

on the clover leaf end

Question 22

when on tRNA do amino acids attach

Answer 22

on the 3’ end

Question 23

the function of ribosomes during translation

Answer 23

Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

Question 24

how many subunits of ribosomes are there
name them

Answer 24

2
large and small

Question 25

how many sites do ribosomes have for binding to tRNA
name these sites

Answer 25

3
the peptidyl or donor site (P)
the aminoacyl or acceptor site (A)
the exit site (E)

Question 26

function of the A site of ribosomes

Answer 26

holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Question 27

function of the P site of ribosomes

Answer 27

holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

Question 28

function of the E site of ribosomes

Answer 28

empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit site

Question 29

the TATA box

Answer 29

a recognition site for transcription factors, typically upstream the gene to be transcribed

Question 30

in what direction is mRNA synthesised in transcription

Answer 30

5’ end to 3’ end

Question 32

Purpose of polyadenylation

Answer 32

Makes the rna molecule more stable and prevents its degradation