innate immune system

Question 1

innate immune system

Answer 1

It is a rapid and nonspecific response that provides immediate protection against pathogens

Question 2

the innate immune system responds in different ways to all pathogens and foreign materials, true or false

Answer 2

false, because they are non specific

Question 3

pathogens that can penetrate the skin

Answer 3

parasites or their larvae

Question 4

most pathogens cannot penetrate the skin, true or false

Answer 4

true

Question 5

all the cells of the immune system originate from which stem cells

Answer 5

HSCs

Question 6

what are some functions of the innate immune system

Answer 6

Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines

Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells

Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph, by specialized white blood cells

Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation
Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents

Question 7

phagocytosis

Answer 7

It is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vascular internalization of solids such as bacteria by an organism

Question 8

endocytosis

Answer 8

a process through which a cell absorbs a particle, molecule, bacterium, or other type of matter by engulfing it

Question 9

components of the internal innate immune system

Answer 9

Phagocytic cells
Complement proteins
Antigen presenting cells

Question 10

where are complement proteins made

Answer 10

primarily in the liver

Question 11

complement proteins are a family of of type of proteins?

Answer 11

plasma glycoproteins

Question 12

what are the three major functions of the complement proteins

Answer 12

Membrane attack complex (MAC)
Chemotaxis
Act as opsonins in a process known as Opsonisation

Question 13

chemotaxis

Answer 13

Movement of cell or organisms in response to a chemical stimulus

Question 14

are there any cells present in the complement system

Answer 14

no

Question 15

what happens to complement proteins when there is a pathogenic attack

Answer 15

they are activated, leading to a series of events on the surface of the pathogen

they then form a membrane attack complex (MAC) which pierces the membrane of the cell initiating a sequence of events leading to lysis (of a microbe) or apoptosis

Question 16

opsonisation

Answer 16

a process in the immune system that enhances the ability of phagocytic cells to recognize and engulf pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses

Question 17

clinical symptoms of inflammation

Answer 17

swelling
redness
pain
warmth
loss of function

Question 18

inflammation

Answer 18

a complex biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants

Question 19

the most abundant type of white blood cells

Answer 19

neutrophils

Question 20

where are neutrophils formed

Answer 20

stem cells in the bone barrow

Question 21

where do mast cells come from, and go?

Answer 21

from the bone marrow and go into all tissues in the body

Question 22

describe the process of phagocytosis

Answer 22

microbe adheres to the phagocyte

phagocytes form pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle

phagosome forms

phagocyte fuses with lysosomes to form phagolysosome

lysozomal enzymes within the phagolysosome kill and digest the microbe, leaving residual bodies

the indigestible residual bodies are released by the phagocyte through exocytosis

Question 23

the innate system is split into two parts. name them

Answer 23

internal
external

Question 24

each mast cell contains which molecules ?

Answer 24

secretory granules

Question 25

what do each secretory granule contain

Answer 25

powerful biologically active molecules called mediators

Question 26

functions of dendritic cells in immunology

Answer 26

essential for initiating and regulating immune responses by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells

Question 26

natural killer cells

Answer 26

a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell, that plays a critical role in the innate immune system

Question 27

are natural killer cells cytotoxic?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

name given to proteins contained by small granules in the cytoplasm of natural killer cells

Answer 28

granzymes

Question 29

during chemotaxis, which molecules act as the chemical stimulus to direct cells of the immune system to the site of action?

Answer 29

complement proteins

Question 31

Are natural killer cells phagocytes

Answer 31

No

Question 32

Can mast cells act as phagocytosis

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

Name 3 cytokine families

Answer 33

Interleukins
Chemokines
Growth factors
Interferons

Question 34

Macropinocytosis

Answer 34

Process by which dendritic cells take up extra cellular fluid by endocytosis

Question 35

immune cells, that can recognize and target cells without the need for prior exposure or sensitization.

Answer 35

NK cells