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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system

A

a complex and critical regulatory system in the human body, responsible for controlling and coordinating various physiological processes through the secretion and circulation of hormones

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2
Q

the endocrine system is often referred to as a ductless system, true or false

A

true

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3
Q

endocrine glands are ductless, true or false

A

true

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4
Q

the pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions, true or false

A

true

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5
Q

name some purely endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands Adrenal: 2 glands(medulla and cortex)

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6
Q

name some endocrine cells that are also found in other cells

A

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

what are the components of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands
hormones

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8
Q

how does the endocrine system act as a communication system

A

through hormonal signalling(chemical systems)

through remote communication systems, which provide the means to control a huge number of physiological processes

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9
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands comprised of endocrine cells

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10
Q

endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood stream, true or false

A

true

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11
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substances produced and released by animals and even some plants to communicate with others of the same species. They are released outside of the body

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12
Q

hormones can act on both local and distant target cells, true or false

A

true

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13
Q

autocrine signalling

A

this is when hormones are released by a cell to activate the same cell

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14
Q

paracrine signalling

A

when hormones are released by a cell to activate neighbouring cells

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15
Q

target cells

A

Target cells refer to cells that contain specific receptors (binding sites)for a particular hormone.

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16
Q

all cell types respond in the same way to the same hormone, true or false

A

false

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17
Q

which 3 types of hormones are typically considered as the most important

A

Peptide Hormones
Amino Acid Derivatives
Steroid Hormones

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18
Q

what are some actions carried out by hormones

A

Fetal development and differentiation
Cell growth and cancer Metabolism
Cardiovascular function Renal function
Skeletal function Reproductive function Immune function
Central nervous system function

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19
Q

lipophilic hormones
examples
which receptors do they bind to

A

fat-soluble hormones

steroid hormones, thyroid hormones

intracellular receptors

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20
Q

hydrophilic hormones
examples
what receptors do they bind to

A

water- soluble hormones

all other hormones apart from steroid and thyroid hormones

binds to extracellular receptors

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21
Q

peptide hormones

where are they synthesized

where are they stored

lipophilic or hydrophilic

where are receptors found on target cells

A

hormones that are comprised of chains of amino acids

Synthesized on ribosomes of the (rough) ER of endocrine cells

Can be stored in vesicles in endocrine cells

water soluble

Receptors are found on the cell surface of their target cells.(extracellular)

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22
Q

vasopressin hormones are also known as

A

antidiuretic hormones

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23
Q

the types of amino acid derivative hormones

A

tyrosine derivatives
tryptophan derivatives

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24
Q

the two most important tyrosine-derived hormones

A

Catecholamines, e.g, epinephrine(adrenaline), norepinephrine(noradrenaline), and dopamine

Thyroid Hormones, e.g, T4(Thyroxine) and T3(Triiodothyronine)

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25
Q

the two most important examples of tryptophan-derived enzymes

A

melatonin
serotonin

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26
Q

steroid hormones

produced by?

derived from?

can they be stored in vesicles?

where are it’s receptors located on target cells?

A

a class of hormones that are derived from cholesterol and have a characteristic chemical structure

the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and the kidneys.

cholesterol

no

inside the target cells

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27
Q

why can steroid hormones not be stored in vesicles

A

because;
they are highly lipid soluble, and can therefore easily diffuse through the cell membrane, without needing any vesicular storage

they are also produced on demand, and are synthesised only when needed, rather than being synthesised and needing to be stored in vesicles for later release

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28
Q

homeostasis

A

a fundamental biological concept that refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable and balanced internal environment despite changes and challenges in the external environment.

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29
Q

negative feedback

A

turns off a signal in response to a change in the body. it is homeostatic

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30
Q

positive feedback

A

where a signal amplifies a signal (vicious cycle).I.e. Child birth. Not homeostatic

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31
Q

chromaffin cells

A

are neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the adrenal glands

Adrenal gland functions?

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32
Q

neurohormones

A

a special category of hormones that are produced and released by nerve cells (neurons) rather than endocrine glands

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33
Q

examples of neurohormones

A

oxytocin
vasopressin
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
etc

34
Q

where are neurohormones released into

A

the bloodstream, instead of the synaptic cleft

35
Q

which type of cells synthesise and release catecholamines

A

chromaffin cells

36
Q

the neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin are stored where?

A

in the posterior pituitary gland

37
Q

where particularly in the brain are neurohormones produced

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

where are releasing hormones produced

where do they exert their hormonal action

A

hypothalamus

in the anterior pituitary gland

39
Q

the mechanisms of hormone release(and their description)

A

humoral(in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood)

neural( in response stimulation by nerves)

hormonal(in response to stimulation received from other hormones)

40
Q

which components of the brain work together as the main regulators of the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

41
Q

what is the size of the pituitary gland, and where is it located

A

it is pea-sized, and located in the base of the skull(sella turcica), underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose.

42
Q

the anterior pituitary gland is aka

A

adenohypophysis

43
Q

the pituitary gland is also known as the

A

hypophysis

44
Q

the posterior pituitary gland is aka

A

neurohypophysis

45
Q

name five functions(or more) of the hypothalamus

A

Regulation of Body Temperature

Control of Hunger and Satiety:

Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation

Water Balance and Thirst

Endocrine Function via Pituitary Gland

Emotional and Behavioral Responses

Control of Autonomic Nervous System

Reproduction and Sexual Function

Integration of Neuroendocrine Responses

46
Q

which part of the brain is the Posterior pituitary gland attached to

A

the hypothalamus

47
Q

briefly describe what you know about the anterior pituitary gland

A

The anterior of the pituitary gland is composed of six distinctive endocrinocytes (one for each hormone)

Under control by the hormones released by the hypothalamus

48
Q

function of the hypophyseal portal system

A

serves as a specialized vascular connection that enables precise and rapid communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

49
Q

where are peptide hormones synthesized and stored in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Peptide hormones are synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons

they are stored in the axon terminals of these neurons

50
Q

where in the brain do cell bodies and axon terminals of the hypothalamic neurons lie

A

cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus and axon terminals lie within the posterior pituitary gland

51
Q

when activated, where are hormones released from the axon terminal of hypothalamic neurons into

A

the hypophyseal vein

52
Q

functions of trophic hormones

A

they regulate the functions of other hormones

53
Q

hormones found in the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH and oxytocin

54
Q

hormones found in the anterior pituitary gland

A

TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
LH: luteinizing hormone
PRL: prolactin
GH: growth hormone

55
Q

which hormones in the anterior pituitary gland are classified as trophic hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

56
Q

function of prolactin and in which gender it is found

A

breast development and milk production
found in males and females

57
Q

function of GH

A

growth and puberty. Levels decrease throughout the lifespan

58
Q

function of ACTH

A

stimulates the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. Important for responding to stress

59
Q

function of LH

A

Triggers ovulation (f)and stimulates androgen (m)secretion by the testis

60
Q

function of FSH

A

Stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, and oestrogen production from ovaries (f) and FSH stimulates the testes, specifically the Sertoli cells within the testes, to support spermatogenesis (m)

61
Q

function of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones involved in regulating metabolism

62
Q

function of ADH

A

water retention and vessel constriction

63
Q

function of oxytocin

A

uterine contraction ,milk ejection during breast feeding, fosters social interaction

64
Q

what are the two classes of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

releasing hormones(RH)
inhibiting hormones(IH)

65
Q

functions of the releasing hormones

A

stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior pituitary

66
Q

functions of IH(inhibiting hormone)

A

prevent the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

67
Q

the hypothalamus receives input from?

A

the cortex
thalamus
limbic system

68
Q

what are some examples of stimulating hormones and their functions (at least three)

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)- release of TSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- release of FSH and LH
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)- release of GH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)- release of ACTH
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)- release of prolactin

69
Q

some examples of inhibiting hormones and their functions

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone GHIH- inhibit GH
Dopamine – inhibit prolactin

70
Q

what would happen if the pituitary gland fails

A

Diabetes insipidus due to too little ADH
Acromegaly due to too much GH in adulthood Gigantism due to too much GH in childhood

71
Q

what are the two hormones produced by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone(TH)
Calcitonin

72
Q

what causes gigantism and acromegaly

A

tumours of the anterior pituitary gland

73
Q

cells that produce calcitonin

A

Parafollicular “C” cells

74
Q

cells t produce thyroglobulin

A

follicle cells

75
Q

prohormone

A

a substance that the body can convert into a hormone. prohormones have minimal hormonal effects by themselves

76
Q

which one between the thyroid hormones T4 and T3 is a prohormone

A

T4

77
Q

which is more stable, T3 or T4

A

T4 is more stable than T3. T3 has a vey shore half life

78
Q

which between T3 and T4 acts as a reservoir for the other

A

T4

79
Q

primary action of T3 and T4

A

to increase body BMR (Basal metabolism rate)

80
Q

how is calcitonin release related to calcium ions

A

they are released when calcium levels are high

81
Q

function of calcitonin

A

involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism

82
Q
A

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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