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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > genitourinary system > Flashcards

genitourinary system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the kidneys

A

Regulate body fluid osmolality and volume

Regulate electrolyte balance

Regulate acid-base balance

Excrete metabolic products and foreign substances

Produce and excrete hormones

Gluconeogenic

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2
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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3
Q

name some forces that affect ultrafiltration

A

Hydrostatic pressure PH(blood pressure)
Colloid osmotic pressureπ (due to proteins inplasma but not inBowman’s capsule)
Fluid pressure Pfluid(created by fluid inBowman’s capsule)

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4
Q

describe what is meant by the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate

A

Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate maintains stable kidney blood flow despite changes in blood pressure, ensuring consistent filtration function.

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5
Q

function of the;
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

A

afferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus

the efferent arteriole carries blood away.

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6
Q

ways in which the glomerular filtration rate can be regulated

A

myogenic response
tubuloglomerular feedback

myogenic response is similar to autoregulation in other systematic arterioles

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7
Q
A
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7
Q

state some of the ways that Tubuloglomerular feedback affects the GFR

A

By changing resistancein arterioles(vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

By altering the filtration coefficient

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

the 3 main components juxtaglomerula apparatus

A

Macula Densa: A group of specialized cells in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule that monitors the sodium chloride (salt) concentration in the filtrate.

Juxtaglomerular Cells: Specialized smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole, near the entrance to the glomerulus. These cells release the enzyme renin in response to signals from the macula densa or changes in blood pressure.

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells: Cells located between the macula densa and the afferent arteriole, providing structural support.

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10
Q

the two main mechanisms that the JGA is involved in

A

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

RAAS system

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11
Q

steps involved in the tubuloglomerular feedback

A

GFR increases

flow through the macula densa increases

flow through the tubules increase

paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole

afferent arteriole constricts

resistance in afferent arteriole increases

hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases

GFR decreases

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12
Q

which component of the nephron reabsorbs the bulk of the filtered solutes and water?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

functions of the tight junctions in relation to permeability

A

Tight junctions form a continuous barrier between adjacent cells, preventing the passage of substances between cells. This barrier function is essential for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing leakage of molecules across cell layers.

In the intestinal epithelium, tight junctions play a key role in regulating the permeability of the epithelial barrier, controlling the selective absorption of nutrients and preventing the entry of harmful substances.

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13
Q

state some of the processes that occur in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

2/3 of filtrate is reabsorbed

glucose, amino acids and other organic solutesare completely absorbed

Significant amount of phosphate re absorbed

Calcium, water absorbed in parallel with sodium

Active secretion of H+ secretion and resorption of most of filtered bicarbonate

Secretion of organic acids like uric acid anddrugs like penicillin.

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14
Q

importance of bicarbonate absorption in the kidneys

A

It regulates blood pH by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate from the renal tubules, preventing excess acidity. This process ensures overall physiological stability and prevents acidosis.

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15
Q

the sodium-hydrogen exchanger

A

The sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) is a membrane transport protein that plays a crucial role in regulating intracellular pH and sodium homeostasis.

Its primary function is to exchange one intracellular hydrogen ion (H+) for one extracellular sodium ion (Na+).

16
Q

all molecules that are reabsorbed in the kidney have a maximum transport value(TM), true or false?

A

not necesarily, but most of them do

note that molecules reabsorbed using transporter proteins oftem have a Tm, because the transporters can get saturated

17
Q

components of the loop of henle

A

ascending limb
descending limb
macula densa

note thay we also have the thick and thin ascending limb

18
Q

in which ascending limb does Ca2+ reabsoprtion happen

A

in the thick ascending limb

19
Q

which hormone is related to Ca2+ reabsorption

A

the PTH

20
Q

the cortical ascending limb is aka

the medullary ascending limb is aka

A

the thick ascending limb

the thin ascending limb

21
Q

Ca2+ reabsorption is regularted by PTH in which ascending limb

A

thick/ cortical

note that it is not regulated bh PTH in the medullary or thin ascending limb

22
Q

what happens in the descending limb of the LOH

what happens in the ascending limb of the LOH

A

primarily facilitates the passive reabsorption of water from the filtrate

active transport mechanisms reabsorb ions, such as sodium and chloride, from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid.

23
Q

the 2 kinds of nephrons

A

cortical: Primarily involved in regulating solute concentration and maintaining electrolyte balance. Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle that do not extend deeply into the medulla

juxtamedullary: Play a crucial role in producing concentrated urine. Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle that penetrate into the medulla, allowing for the generation of a significant osmotic gradient.

24
Q

is the ascending limb permeable to water

A

no

25
Q

water reabsorption always follows solute absorption, true or false

A

false

26
Q

components of the distal nephron

A

Distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts

27
Q

Primary site of ADH action

A

the collecting ducts

28
Q

difference between a transporter and a symporter

A

a transporter is a general term for proteins involved in the transport of substances, while a symporter is a specific type of transporter that moves two or more different molecules in the same direction across a membrane. The distinction lies in the specific functional characteristics of symporters, which involve the co-transport of multiple substances.

29
Q

importance of urea

A

It helps to maintain the high osmolarity gradient within the medullary region

Important to drive water reabsorption

30
Q

function of ADH in relation to urea

A

Allows reabsorption of urea

31
Q

what happens during urea recycling

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, concentrating urea in the tubular fluid. The concentrated urea diffuses back into the interstitial fluid, creating an osmotic gradient that facilitates its reabsorption in the proximal tubule. This reabsorbed urea is then carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it can be excreted again.

32
Q

osmolality

A

the concentration of osmotically active particles (solutes) in a solution, measured in osmoles per kilogram of solvent

33
Q

primary function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

the fine-tuning of electrolyte balance and the regulation of acid-base balance in the kidney.

It plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of sodium ions and the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.

it also affects water reabsorption ofc

34
Q

stimulation of what part of the brain leads to thirst

A

the hypothalamus

35
Q

in the presence of which hormone is the collecting duct permeable to water

A

vasopressin aka ADH

36
Q

name at least 2 ways of decreasing water levels in the blod

A

Increase water excretion

Increase NaCl excretion

37
Q

functions of the sympathetic nerves in the urinary bladder

A

Contracts internal urethral sphincter and relaxes detrusor muscle

38
Q

functions of the parasympathetic nerves in the urinary bladder

A

Contracts detrusor muscle and relaxes the internal urethral sphincter

this increases intra-bladder pressure, leading to the expulsion of urine

39
Q

functions of the parasympathetic nerves in the urinary bladder

A

Under voluntary control

Contracts external urethral sphincter

40
Q
A

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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