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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary physiological functions to maintain internal homeostasis and respond to stress

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2
Q

functions of the afferent nerve

A

carries sensory impulses to the CNS

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3
Q

functions of the efferent nerve

A

carries electrical signals from the CNS to the effector

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4
Q

the two main divisions or parts of the PNS

A

somatic NS
autonomic NS

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5
Q

the autonomic NS is divided into

A

the adrenergic( sympathetic system)

the cholinergic(parasympathetic system)

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6
Q

the motor neurons of the ANS operate via conscious control, true or false

A

false, they operate via subconscious control

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7
Q

functions of the motor neurons of the ANS

A

Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, internal organs & skin

Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities, by carrying signals to their effectors

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8
Q

the motor neurons of the ANS have …………….. as most of their effectors

A

viscera

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9
Q

the unique property of somatic motor neurons

A

they are highly myelinated

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10
Q

axons of the ANS are described as a two neuron chain, true or false

A

true

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11
Q

similarities in properties of the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

A

they are myelinated

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12
Q

similarities in properties of the postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

A

they are generally unmyelinated

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13
Q

which neurotransmitter do all somatic nerve cells release, what is the effect of this

A

ACh

there is stimulatory or excitatory effect

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14
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neurons of the ANS

A

ACh

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15
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic neurons of the ANS

A

noradrenaline or ACh

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16
Q

what effect does noradrenaline have on it’s target cells

A

an inhibitory effect

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17
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

the first neurons in the two-neuron chain of the ANS

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18
Q

ganglia

A

a cluster of nerve cell bodies (neurons) located outside the central nervous system (CNS)

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19
Q

are adrenaline and noradrenaline considered neurotransmitters?
why

A

no, adrenaline is a hormone and noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter

because, adrenaline is released straight into the blood stream

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20
Q

effector organs of the SNS

A

skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres, true or false

A

true

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22
Q

the innervation of the visceral organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres result to?

A

dynamic antagonisms that precisely control visceral activity, thereby leading to physiological antagonism

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23
Q

which ANS system causes vasodilation and are responsible for erection of the penis and clitoris

A

the parasympathetic system

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24
Q

which ANS system causes ejaculation of semen in males and reflex peristalsis in females

A

the sympathetic system

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25
Q

which ANS system keeps the body energy usage low

A

parasympathetic system

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26
Q

which ANS system keeps the body energy usage high

A

sympathetic system

27
Q

what are some activities carried out in the parasympathetic division

A

Digestion
Defaecation
Diuresis:increased production or excretion of urine by the kidneys

28
Q

which ANS system largely innervates the internal organs

A

the parasympathetic

29
Q

neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neurons parasympathetic division

A

ACh

30
Q

neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division

A

ACh

31
Q

function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

responsible for the “rest and digest” functions, promoting activities that conserve and restore energy.

32
Q

which ANS division (system) is the vagal nerve a major component of

A

the parasympathetic system

33
Q

functions of the vagal nerve

A

stimulates digestive glands
Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
Decreases heart rate Causes bronchial constriction

34
Q

where are the vagal nerves found

A

Visceral organs of thorax & abdomen

35
Q

which ANS division innervates every part of the body

A

the sympathetic

36
Q

which neurotransmitters are released by the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

A

ACh

37
Q

which neurotransmitters are released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

A

noradrenaline

38
Q

location of the adrenal glands

A

they sit on top of the kidneys

39
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

Receptors that mediate responses to acetylcholine

40
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

Receptors that mediate responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline

41
Q

types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic
nicotinic

42
Q

types of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and
beta

43
Q

noradrenaline and adrenaline can both bind alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, true or false

A

true

44
Q

the two forms of alpha adrenergic receptors

A

alpha1
alpha 2

45
Q

some effects on the body when alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are stimulated

A

Ocular: mydriasis
Blood vessels: vasoconstriction
Male genitals: ejaculation
Bladder neck and prostate: contraction

46
Q

some effects on the body when alpha 2 adrenergic receptors are stimulated

A

inhibition of norepinephrine release

contraction of smooth muscle

47
Q

where are alpha 2 adrenergic receptors located

A

on the presynaptic terminal

48
Q

alpha 2 receptors are located in both the CNS and the PNS, true or false

A

true

49
Q

effects of stimulating beta 1 adrenergic receptors on the body

A

increased heart output, like increased heart rate and conduction

50
Q

effects of stimulating beta 2 adrenergic receptors on the body

A

vasodilation
glycogenolysis
bronchodilation
smooth muscle relaxation

51
Q

where is adrenaline synthesised, and stored

which organ metabolises it

A

in the adrenal medulla

in vesicles in the adrenal medulla

the liver

52
Q

where is noradrenaline synthesized and stored

A

the presynaptic terminal
stored in vesicles

53
Q

which receptors do noradrenaline bind to on the;
presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron

A

alpha 2

alpha 1 or beta 1

54
Q

what enzyme breaks down noradrenaline

A

monoamine oxidase(MAO)

55
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

substances/ drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

56
Q

examples of Sympathomimetics

A

salbutamol
epinephrine

56
Q

primary organs affected by b1 stimulation

A

heart
kidneys

57
Q

primary organs affected by b2 stimulation

A

lungs
blood vessels
uterus
liver

58
Q

which adrenergic receptors are stimulated by epinephrine

A

alpha and beta

59
Q

examples of drugs that are beta blockers

A

propranolol
metoprolol

60
Q

which between metoprolol and propranolol are;
selective beta 1 antagonists

non selective beta antagonists

A

metoprolol

propranolol

61
Q

autonomic tone

A

Steady day-to-day influence exerted by the autonomic system.
usually only one ANS division provides the tone

62
Q
A

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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