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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

The main components of the CV system

A

blood
blood vessels
the heart

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2
Q

what are the two pathways(parts) of the circulatory system

A

systematic circulation
pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

where in the body does blood pick up;
oxygen
nutrients

A

the lungs

GI tract

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4
Q

the heart removes cellular waste for excretion, true or false

A

true

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5
Q

primary function of the CV system

A

the transport of materials to and from all parts of the body

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6
Q

in how many directions does blood flow, why?

A

one direction(uni-directional)

valves in the heart ensure the restriction of the backflow of blood

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7
Q

how is blood pressure affected by distance

A

BP decreases with increased distance from the heart

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8
Q

by what percentage does BP approximately decrease by from the aorta to the vena cava

A

90

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9
Q

why does blood pressure fall as it moves through blood vessels away from the heart

A

Because of friction (fluids& vessels)That friction creates a resistance (that opposes the movement)

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10
Q

myocardium

A

the muscular tissue of the heart.

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11
Q

what is the heart mainly composed of

A

the myocardium

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12
Q

where does the vena cava receive blood from

A

systematic veins

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13
Q

where does the pulmonary vein receive blood from

A

veins of the lung

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14
Q

where does the aorta send blood to

A

systematic arteries

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15
Q

the bicuspid valve is aka

A

mitral valve (left AV valve)

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16
Q

functions of the chordae tendineae

A

anchoring the valve leaflets
preventing prolapse, coordinating valve movements

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17
Q

functions of the semi-lunar valves

A

prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

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18
Q

functions of the coronary artery

A

supply the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygenated blood
nutrient delivery to the heart

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19
Q

pacemaker cells aka

A

autorhythmic cells

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20
Q

are myocardial cells contractile?

A

yes

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21
Q

function of the contractile cells

A

they provide the mechanical force of the heart, thereby leading to contraction

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22
Q

functions of autorhythmic cells

A

they induce spontaneous action potentials to coordinate contraction

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23
Q

do the autorhythmic cells contribute to the mechanical force of the heart

A

no they do not

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24
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

the process linking electrical signals to muscle contraction

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25
Q

in which cells should APs be generated for there to be contraction of the heart

A

myocardial cells and the pacemaker cells.

The heart’s electrical activity is coordinated by specialized cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the natural pacemaker of the heart, and is then propagated to the myocardial cells.

26
Q

outline the processes of the ECC(excitation contraction coupling )

A

Action Potential Initiation

Opening of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. These channels allow the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into the cell.

Calcium ions induce calcium ion release through Ryanodine receptor channels

this causes a calcium ion wave

summed calcium ions sparks creates a calcium signal

Binding of Calcium to Troponin to initiate contraction

relaxation occurs when calcium ions unbind from troponin

calcium ions pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage

calcium ions are exchanged with sodium ions by the NCX transporter

Na+ gradient maintained by Na+/ K+ pump

27
Q

phases of action potentials in the myocardial cells(in order)

A

phase 4
phase 0
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
phase 4

28
Q

what happens in phase 4 of APs in myocardial cells

A

resting membrane potential

29
Q

what happens in phase 0 of APs in myocardial cells

A

Depolarization

30
Q

what happens in phase 1 of APs in myocardial cells

A

initial repolarization

31
Q

what happens in phase 2 of APs in myocardial cells

A

This is the plateau phase on the graph.
two events happen;
decrease in K+ permeability(smaller outward current)

Ca+ inward current

32
Q

what happens in phase 3 of APs in myocardial cells

A

Repolarization.
Ca+ channels close and K+ channels opens (again).Outward K+ current.

33
Q

the mechanism of isovolumetric contraction in the heart

volume changes during isovolumetric contraction

A

The ventricles contract, generating pressure.

The AV valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria.

The semilunar valves are still closed at this point.

Volume Changes: The volume of blood in the ventricles remains constant during

34
Q

the phases of action potentials in pacemaker cells in order

A

phase 4
phase 0
phase 3
phase 4

35
Q

mechanism of isovolumetric relaxation in the heart

volume changes during isovolumetric relaxation

A

The ventricles relax.
The semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.
The AV valves remain closed.

The volume of blood in the ventricles still remains constant during isovolumetric relaxation because no blood is entering the ventricles from the atria yet.

36
Q

what happens in phase 0 of APs in pacemaker cells

A

unstable resting potential

37
Q

what happens in phase 0 of APs in pacemaker cells

A

depolarization

38
Q

what happens in phase 3 of APs in pacemaker cells

A

repolarization

39
Q

what happens in phase 4 of APs in pacemaker cells

A

pacemaker potential:
Sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) channels open, allowing a slow influx of positive ions, leading to the gradual depolarization

40
Q

do pacemaker cells have a stable resting potential

A

no.
they instead exhibit a slow, spontaneous depolarization during diastole

41
Q

End Diastolic volume
End systolic volume

A

EDV refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, which is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

ESV refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole, which is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.

42
Q

User
to decrease the bodies CO2 levels, should respiration be at a higher or lower rate

A

increase respiration rate

43
Q

all blood vessels except capillaries have three tissue layers, name these layers

A

Inner layer: Tunica interna(intima)

Middle layer: Tunica media

Outer layer: tunica externa

44
Q

70% of our blood volume is on the venous side, true or false

A

true

45
Q

composition of the tunica interna of the blood vessels and their roles in the vessels

A

endothelial cells:control contractility

basement membrane: separates the tunica interna from the tunica media

internal elastic lamina: allows distension when high pressure blood is ejected from the ventricles

46
Q

composition of the tunica media in blood vessels and their functions

this layer is usally the thickest in the vessels

A

smooth muscle cells:sets the vascular tone by maintaining partial contraction of the vessel

gap junctions: AP transmission

elastin(elastic fibre cells)

47
Q

composition of the tunica externa

A

Collagen
Elastin fibre
Vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessel): capillaries in large arteries and veins thatprovide oxygen and nutrients to the cells inthe tunica externa

48
Q

involves blood transport, etc…

functions of arterioles

A

carry blood from arteries to capillaries.
Also help to maintain blood pressure

49
Q

which blood vessel is responsible for most of peripheral resistance

A

arterioles

50
Q

below is a list of the constituents of the different blood vessels, for each constituent, name all the vessels that possesses it

Endothelium:
Elastic tissue:
Smooth muscle:
Fibrous tissue:

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

arteries and veins

arteries, arterioles and veins

arteries, venules and veins

51
Q

which blood vessels regulate the MAP

A

arteries

52
Q

function of capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules.

Control blood distribution to organs.

Monolayer- Exchange Nutrients

53
Q

funtions of venules

A

drain blood from capillaries into veins

54
Q

the most abundant protein in the blood

A

albumin

55
Q

the most abundant cells in the body

A

erythrocytes(RBCs)

56
Q

features of RBCs

A

Concave shaped cells
Anucleated(lacks a nucleus)
Contain Haemoglobin
Account for 40-45% of blood volume

57
Q

lifespan of RBCs in humans

A

Last 120 days then broken down primarily in the spleen via haemolysis. they are then recycled by macrophages

58
Q

how many subunits does haemoglobin comprise of

A

4
2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

59
Q

what does each subunit in haemoglobin contain

each haem group can bind to an oxygen

A

an ironatom bound to a haem group.

60
Q

has to do with affinity

what is meant when we say haemoglobin is an a:
tensed form
relaxed form

A

Tense(deoxygenated) form; low affinity for oxygen

relaxed(oxygenated) form; high affinity for oxygen

61
Q

in which three forms are carbon dioxide transported in the blood

A

in bicarbonate form
in solution(dissolved Co2)
when bound to Hb(Carbaminohemoglobin)

62
Q
A

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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