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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

components of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

components of the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the CNS Nerves extending to & from the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

the three main functions of the nervous system(brief description)

A

Sensory: Afferent neurons transmit sensory information

Processing: CNS processes incoming sensory information & responds

Motor: Efferent neurons transmit motor signals

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4
Q

the two parts of sensory nervous system

A

somatic and visceral

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5
Q

somatic sensory nervous system

A

This system is associated with the conscious(voluntary) perception of sensory information from the external environment and the body.

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6
Q

visceral sensory nervous system

A

The visceral sensory system, also known as the internal or autonomic sensory system, deals with sensory information from the internal organs (viscera), such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines.

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7
Q

the two parts of sensory nervous system

A

somatic and visceral

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8
Q

somatic motor nervous system

A

The somatic motor system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

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9
Q

visceral motor nervous system

A

The autonomic motor system, often referred to simply as the autonomic nervous system (ANS), controls involuntary functions and regulates internal organs, glands, and smooth muscles.

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10
Q

the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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11
Q

key features or properties of neurons

A

longevity
do not divide
high metabolic rate

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12
Q

why do neurons stay the same for a long time (longevity)

A

they lose their mitotic ability after differentiation

The stability of neurons is critical for memory and learning processes

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13
Q

chromatophilic bodies

A

Clusters of rough ER and ribosomes

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14
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

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15
Q

general components of a typical neuron

A

cell bodies
myelin sheath
nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cells
Dendrites
axon
axon terminals

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16
Q

function of dendrites

A

Transmit electrical signals toward the cell body

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17
Q

function of axon

A

Transmits action potentials away from cell body

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18
Q

how many axons does each neuron have

A

one, but they can branch

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19
Q

synapse

A

the region where an axon terminal communicates with it’s post synaptic target neuron

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20
Q

classes of neurons

A

bipolar
Pseudounipolar
multipolar
unipolar

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21
Q

features of Pseudounipolar neurons

A

they have a single axon

it’s axon branches to connect to the CNS neurons

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22
Q

what type of neurons are Pseudounipolar neurons found as

A

Sensory neurons

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23
Q

features of a bipolar neuron

A

single axon
single dendrite
they are rare

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24
Q

which type of neurons are bipolar neurons found as

A

sensory neurons

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25
Q

features of multipolar neurons

A

multiple dendrites
single axon

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26
Q

multipolar neurons are found as which type of neurons

A

interneurons and motor neurons

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27
Q

in which type of nervous system are interneurons normally found

A

the CNS

28
Q

interneurons are aka

A

relay neurons

29
Q

glial cells

A

non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons in the nervous system

30
Q

the 6 types of cells that the glial cells are comprised of

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal
Schwann cells
Satellite cells

31
Q

glial cells are divided into two parts, name them.

A

neuroglial cells
non-neuroglial cells

32
Q

which of the 6 cell types of fall under the neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial
ependymal

33
Q

which of the 6 cell types of fall under the non-neuroglial cells

A

Schwann cells
satellite cells

34
Q

in which type of nervous system are neuroglial cells found

A

in the CNS

35
Q

in which type of nervous system are non-neuroglial cells found

A

PNS

36
Q

functions of the ependymal cells

A

creates barriers between cell compartments

they are a source of neural stem cells

37
Q

functions of astrocytes

A

they are a source of neural stem cells

they take up K+, water and neurotransmitters

they secrete neurotrophic factors

they help form the blood-brain barrier

they provide substrates for ATP production

38
Q

functions of microglia cells

A

they act as scavengers

39
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

they form myelin sheaths

40
Q

functions of Schwann cells

A

they form myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons
they secrete neurotrophic factors
they assist neuronal repair

41
Q

functions of satellite cells

A

they support cell bodies

42
Q

advantages of myelinated cells

A

they conduct nervous impulses more rapidly, and enable saltatory conduction

43
Q

neurotrophic factors

A

a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the growth, survival, and maintenance of neurons

44
Q

our of all the neuron classes, which one is unmyelinated

A

pseudounipolar neurons

45
Q

white matter is comprised of which parts of neurons?
while grey matter is comprised of?

A

myelin

cell bodies and dendrites

46
Q

the forms of nervous signals

A

electrical and chemical

47
Q

chemical signalling in the nervous system is one-way, true or false?

A

true

48
Q

electrical signalling in the nervous system is one-way, true or false

A

false
can be either one way(unidirectional) or two way(bidirectional)

49
Q

gap junction

A

a specialized intercellular communication structure formed by the interaction of connexins, transmembrane proteins that create channels connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

50
Q

connexon

A

a channel formed by six connexins

51
Q

how many connexons combine to form a gap junction channel

A

two

52
Q

which particles can gap functions facilitate the exchange of?

A

major cellular ions and many small organic molecules

53
Q

cells connected by gap junctions are said to be………………………. coupled

A

electrically

54
Q

what are some cells that use the gap junctions

A

GI epithelium
Skin epithelium
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

55
Q

what are some advantages of electrical transmission in the nervous system

A

Bidirectional Communication between cells

Electrical signals can travel at high speeds through the axons of neurons

enables continuous signalling
simultaneous action potential generations

56
Q

state the approximate sizes of;
gap junctions
synaptic cleft

A

3.5nm wide

20-50nm wide

57
Q

major neurotransmitters within the CNS

A

GABA
Glutamate
Ach
Serotonin
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline

58
Q

major neurotransmitters within the CNS AND PNS

A

Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline

58
Q

the calcium gated channels are said to be voltage gated, true or false

A

true

59
Q

name three ways by which neurotransmitters are taken away from the synapse

A

Diffusion
reuptake
Enzymatic degradation

60
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

the process by which enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler ones.

61
Q

ionotropic receptors aka

A

ligand gated ion channels

62
Q

metabotropic receptors aka

A

G-protein coupled receptors

63
Q

which is more selective to ions, ionotropic or voltage gated channels

A

voltage gated channels

64
Q

GPCRs can also be presynaptic, true or false

A

true

65
Q
A

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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