Genomics

Question 1

genomics

Answer 1

It is the study of the complete human genome (DNA), its structure, and how it functions.

Question 2

genome

Answer 2

it is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.

Question 3

how many chromosomes does the human cell have

Answer 3

46

Question 4

how many pairs of chromosomes does the human cell have

Answer 4

23

Question 5

difference between genomics and genetics

Answer 5

Genomics is the study of the entirety of an organism’s genes while Genetics involves the study of functions and composition of a single gene

Question 6

introns

exons

Answer 6

are non-coding sections of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA).

they are coding sections that remain in the mRNA sequence

Question 7

why are introns important?

Answer 7

Introns allow for alternative splicing of exons to create multiple proteins from one gene sequence

Introns can generate non-coding RNAs that influence gene expression

Introns are involved in some special regulatory functions.

The relationship of introns to cancer and their use as tumor markers is also being explored

Question 8

types of genomics

Answer 8

structural
functional
comparative
mutational

Question 9

structural genomics

Answer 9

Aims to determine the structure of every protein encoded by the genome.

Question 10

comparative genomics

Answer 10

Aims to compare genomic features between different species
e.g. for better understanding of the evolutionary relationship

Question 11

mutational genomics

Answer 11

The study of genome in terms of mutations that occur in an individual’s DNA or genome

Question 12

mutational genomics is also known as

Answer 12

gene function determination

Question 13

functional genomics

Answer 13

Aims to collect and use data from sequencing for describing gene and protein functions

Question 14

what were the goals of the human genome project?

Answer 14

Identify the approximate genes in human DNA.
Determine the sequences of 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.
Store this information in databases. Improve tools for data analysis
Transfer related technologies to the private sector.
Address the ethical, legal, and social issues(ELSI), that may arise from the project.

Question 15

what were the two DNA sequencing techniques used in the HGP(Human Genome Project)

Answer 15

Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method

Question 16

to sequence DNA, what must first be done

Answer 16

it must first be amplified(increased in quantity)

Question 17

what are the two types of DNA amplification?

Answer 17

cloning and polymerase chain reactions

Question 18

genes

Answer 18

Genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that carry the instructions for building and maintaining the structures and functions of an organism.

Question 19

chromosomes

Answer 19

made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure

Question 20

splicing

Answer 20

the process by which introns (non-coding sequences) are removed from a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) molecule and the exons (coding sequences) are joined together to form the mature mRNA

Question 21

function of bioinformatics

Answer 21

plays a crucial role in understanding the complex and vast amount of biological data generated by various technologies, such as DNA sequencing, genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics.

Question 22

when was the HGP launched, and by whom?
how long was it planned to last?
how long did it actually last?
on what specific date was it’s successful completion announced?

Answer 22

1986
Charles DeLisi
15 years
13 years
April 14, 2003

Question 23

the HGP was a joint effort between which two organizations

Answer 23

US Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health

Question 24

what was the first human chromosome to be sequenced and in which year was this done

Answer 24

chromosome 22 and in 1999

Question 25

genome mapping

Answer 25

Genome mapping refers to the process of identifying and establishing the relative positions and physical locations of genes and other features within an organism’s genome

Question 26

why do we need to sequence the genome?

Answer 26

to evaluate the health risks faced by individuals who may be exposed to radiation and to cancer-causing chemicals and toxins

for DNA Identification (Forensics)

Question 27

sanger sequencing

Answer 27

It involves a series of chemical reactions that produce fragments of DNA with different lengths, each ending with a specific nucleotide, which are then separated and read to reveal the DNA sequence.

Question 28

shotgun sequencing

Answer 28

Shotgun sequencing is a method for reading the genetic code of an organism or a DNA sample by breaking it into random pieces, sequencing those pieces, and then using a computer to assemble the pieces into the complete genetic sequence. Used to determine the sequence of large DNA fragments.