Genomics Flashcards
genomics
It is the study of the complete human genome (DNA), its structure, and how it functions.
genome
it is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.
how many chromosomes does the human cell have
46
how many pairs of chromosomes does the human cell have
23
difference between genomics and genetics
Genomics is the study of the entirety of an organism’s genes while Genetics involves the study of functions and composition of a single gene
introns
exons
are non-coding sections of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA).
they are coding sections that remain in the mRNA sequence
why are introns important?
Introns allow for alternative splicing of exons to create multiple proteins from one gene sequence
Introns can generate non-coding RNAs that influence gene expression
Introns are involved in some special regulatory functions.
The relationship of introns to cancer and their use as tumor markers is also being explored
types of genomics
structural
functional
comparative
mutational
structural genomics
Aims to determine the structure of every protein encoded by the genome.
comparative genomics
Aims to compare genomic features between different species
e.g. for better understanding of the evolutionary relationship
mutational genomics
The study of genome in terms of mutations that occur in an individual’s DNA or genome
mutational genomics is also known as
gene function determination
functional genomics
Aims to collect and use data from sequencing for describing gene and protein functions
what were the goals of the human genome project?
Identify the approximate genes in human DNA.
Determine the sequences of 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.
Store this information in databases. Improve tools for data analysis
Transfer related technologies to the private sector.
Address the ethical, legal, and social issues(ELSI), that may arise from the project.
what were the two DNA sequencing techniques used in the HGP(Human Genome Project)
Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
to sequence DNA, what must first be done
it must first be amplified(increased in quantity)
what are the two types of DNA amplification?
cloning and polymerase chain reactions
genes
Genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that carry the instructions for building and maintaining the structures and functions of an organism.
chromosomes
made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure
splicing
the process by which introns (non-coding sequences) are removed from a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) molecule and the exons (coding sequences) are joined together to form the mature mRNA
function of bioinformatics
plays a crucial role in understanding the complex and vast amount of biological data generated by various technologies, such as DNA sequencing, genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics.
when was the HGP launched, and by whom?
how long was it planned to last?
how long did it actually last?
on what specific date was it’s successful completion announced?
1986
Charles DeLisi
15 years
13 years
April 14, 2003
the HGP was a joint effort between which two organizations
US Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health
what was the first human chromosome to be sequenced and in which year was this done
chromosome 22 and in 1999
genome mapping
Genome mapping refers to the process of identifying and establishing the relative positions and physical locations of genes and other features within an organism’s genome
why do we need to sequence the genome?
to evaluate the health risks faced by individuals who may be exposed to radiation and to cancer-causing chemicals and toxins
for DNA Identification (Forensics)
sanger sequencing
It involves a series of chemical reactions that produce fragments of DNA with different lengths, each ending with a specific nucleotide, which are then separated and read to reveal the DNA sequence.
shotgun sequencing
Shotgun sequencing is a method for reading the genetic code of an organism or a DNA sample by breaking it into random pieces, sequencing those pieces, and then using a computer to assemble the pieces into the complete genetic sequence. Used to determine the sequence of large DNA fragments.
