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HUBS191 > The Pancreas, Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Growth Hormone > Flashcards

The Pancreas, Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Growth Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

Where are neurotransmitters and neural hormones produced?

A

In the cell body

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2
Q

Where do neurotransmitters and neural hormones travel?

A

Along the axon

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3
Q

Where are neurotransmitters and neural hormones stored?

A

In the axon terminals in vesicles and then releases

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4
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain and attached to the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The secretion of pituitary hormones (when activated by neural input, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete hormones)

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6
Q

What do pituitary hormones stimulate?

A

Some stimulate target cells and some stimulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands (in particular the anterior lobe)

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7
Q

How many parts are there to the pituitary gland?

A

2

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8
Q

What are the parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior lobe

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9
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland made of?

A

Neural tissue

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10
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus by?

A

Neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus and axon terminals in the posterior pituitary capillary bed

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11
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

Secrete hormones into the blood

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12
Q

Where are posterior pituitary hormones made and where do they travel?

A

Made in the hypothalamus (cell body of the neuron), travel down the axon and are stored at the axon endings until required (peptide hormones)

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13
Q

What communication does the hypothalamus use with the posterior lobe?

A

Neural communication

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14
Q

How does the hypothalamus use neural communication with the posterior lobe?

A

To release hormones into the blood (increase or decrease in frequency of action potentials leads to corresponding change in hormone release)

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15
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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16
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (the kidneys conserve water when the body dehydrates)

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17
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during child birth and milk release in breast feeding

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18
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Contraction of uterine muscles during child birth

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19
Q

What do the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin have in common?

A

Both are peptide hormones made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary until required

20
Q

How are the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus connected?

A

By blood vessels

21
Q

Where are releasing hormones secreted?

A

Into capillaries

22
Q

What do hypothalamic hormones do in the anterior lobe?

A

Stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from specific anterior pituitary cells

23
Q

What is the stimulus for hypothalamus communication with the anterior pituitary?

A

Neural input within the hypothalamus

24
Q

What does the hypothalamus do with regards to the anterior lobe?

A

Signals the anterior lobe. to release hormones by hormonal stimulation, secreting stored releasing (or inhibiting hormones)

25
Q

What do the releasing or inhibiting hormones do?

A

Bind to the receptor on the membrane of a specific cell type and a specific peptide hormone is secreted

26
Q

What does the growth hormone have direct effects on?

A

Muscle, liver and fat cells

27
Q

How does the growth hormone directly effect muscle cells?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis (long term) and inhibits cellular uptake of glucose (short term)

28
Q

How does the growth hormone directly effect liver cells?

A

Stimulates glucose synthesis (short term) which has the same effect as glucagon of increasing the blood glucose concentration

29
Q

How does the growth hormone directly effect fat cells?

A

Increases triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue (short term)

30
Q

What are the indirect effects of the growth hormone?

A

Promotes the growth of bones, muscle and other tissues by causing release of somatomedin C, which promotes cell division (long term)

31
Q

What does the growth hormone have a long term effect on?

A

Growth

32
Q

What does the growth hormone have a short term effect on?

A

Metabolism

33
Q

What is the pattern of growth hormone secretion over a day?

A

Growth hormone concentration has peaks and troughs but are highest when we are asleep

34
Q

What is the pattern of growth hormone secretion over a lifetime?

A

Higher in children than adults, peaks during puberty and declines with age

35
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

The releasing hormone

36
Q

What does the releasing hormone do?

A

Travels through portal veins to the anterior pituitary gland

37
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Releases pituitary hormone

38
Q

What does the pituitary hormone do?

A

Travels through the bloodstream to the target organ which is usually another endocrine gland

39
Q

What does the target organ do?

A

Releases a hormone which causes an effect

40
Q

What can the pituitary and releasing hormones do?

A

Feed back to the hypothalamus

41
Q

What are the two neurons related to the growth hormone in the hypothalamus?

A

Somatostatin and GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

42
Q

What does the somatostatin neuron cause release of?

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

43
Q

What does the GHRH neuron cause release of?

A

Growth hormone release hormone

44
Q

What happens in the anterior pituitary gland when GHRH or GHIH are received?

A

The growth hormone is released/inhibited and goes directly to the muscle and fat cells to cause direct effects or to the liver

45
Q

What happens when the growth hormone is received by the liver?

A

Somatodenin C is released which has an indirect effect

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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