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HUBS191 > Innate Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step of the inflammatory response?

A

Chemical signals are released from resident cells (mast cells) and they act to attract more cells to the site of injury or infection

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2
Q

What happens after chemical signals are released from resident cells (mast cells) and they act to attract more cells to the site of injury or infection?

A

Neutrophils enter the blood from the bone marrow

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3
Q

What happens after neutrophils enter the blood from the bone marrow?

A

Neutrophils slow down and cling to the capillary wall

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4
Q

What happens after neutrophils slow down and cling to the capillary wall?

A

Chemical signals from tissue resident cells (mast cells) dilate the blood vessels and make capillaries leakier

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5
Q

What happens after chemical signals from tissue resident cells (mast cells) dilate the blood vessels and make capillaries leakier?

A

Neutrophils squeeze through the leaky capillary wall and follow the chemical trail to the injury site = producing inflammation

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6
Q

What cells are phagocytic?

A

Many myeloid cells

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7
Q

What is the first step of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes adhere to pathogens or debris (opsonised)

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8
Q

What happens after phagocytes adhere to pathogens or debris?

A

Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles, forming a phagosome

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9
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

A phagocytic vesicle

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10
Q

What happens after the phagosome is formed?

A

Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome

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11
Q

What happens after the phagolysosome is formed?

A

Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens

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12
Q

What happens after toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens?

A

Sometimes exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual materials

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13
Q

What features of the lysosome help to kill the phagocytosed microbes?

A

Low pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and digestive enzymes

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14
Q

What does a low pH do?

A

Gives an acidic environment

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15
Q

What are examples of oxygen and nitrogen intermediates?

A

Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide

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16
Q

What digestive enzymes are present in lysosomes?

A

Proteases, lipases and nucleases

17
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

9 major proteins/protein complexes (C1-9) which act in sequence to clear pathogens from blood and tissues

18
Q

What is important to note about the complement cascade?

A

The proteins aren’t named in the order they act, instead, the order they were discovered

19
Q

What are the results of the complement cascade?

A

Label pathogens (opsonisation), recruit phagocytes (chemotaxis) and destroy pathogens (lysis)

20
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A

Classical, alternative and lectin

21
Q

What happens in the classical pathway?

A

Antibody boud to pathogen binds complement

22
Q

What happens in the alternative pathway?

A

Pathogen binds to surface/pathogen component

23
Q

What happens in the lectin pathway?

A

Carbohydrate components of microbes bind complement

24
Q

When do the 3 complement pathways converge?

A

Where the C3 convertase (enzyme complex) is formed

25
Q

What is the process which occurs during labelling?

A

Opsonisation

26
Q

What happens in opsonisation?

A

Pathogens which bind to complement receptors on phagocytes are labelled

27
Q

What protein is responsible for opsonisation?

A

C3b protein which is cleaved from C3

28
Q

How are things labelled in opsonisation?

A

By coating a microbe with antibody and/or complement fragment C3b

29
Q

What happens during the destroy result?

A

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) formation

30
Q

What is the MAC complex?

A

Pores in bacterial cells which cause death

31
Q

What is the protein in the destroy result?

A

C9

32
Q

What happens with microbes coated with C3b?

A

They are phagocytosed

33
Q

What happens after microbes coated with C3b are phagocytosed?

A

The assembly of the MAC complex causes lysis

34
Q

What happens during the recruit outcome?

A

Complement proteins act as peptide mediators of inflammation and recruit phagocytes

35
Q

What proteins are involved in the recruit outcome?

A

C3a and C5a

36
Q

What happens after complement proteins act as peptide mediators of inflammation?

A

Phagocytes are attracted to the site

37
Q

What happens after phagocytes are attracted to the site?

A

Mast cells are degranulated by C3a and C5a

38
Q

What happens after mast cells are degranulated by C3a and C5a?

A

Inflammatory mediators are released including proteins that attract phagocytes

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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