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HUBS191 > Bone & Biomechanics 2 > Flashcards

Bone & Biomechanics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, Movement, Protection, Storage, Red blood cell formation

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2
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and cancellous

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3
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

Strong

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4
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

Light and spongy

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5
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Transmitting forces in one direction

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6
Q

What is the function of cancellous bone?

A

Shock absorbing as well as resisting and channeling forces that come from multiple directions

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7
Q

What are the four classes of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat and Irregular

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of long bones?

A

They are longer than they are wide and composed of wider epiphyses and longer, narrower diaphyses

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9
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

Levers for movement

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10
Q

What type of bone are long bones made out of?

A

Cancellous epiphyses to channel the forces down to the compact diaphyses

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11
Q

What is the characteristics of short bones?

A

Close to equal width and length

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12
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Weight bearing from many directions

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13
Q

What type of bone are short bones made out of?

A

Mainly cancellous

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14
Q

What is the characteristics of flat bones?

A

Majority of their surface is flat

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15
Q

What is the functions of flat bones?

A

Muscle attachment and protection

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16
Q

What types of bone are flat bones made out of?

A

Cancellous bone between thin plates of compact bone

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17
Q

What is the characteristics of irregular bones?

A

Various shapes and functions

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18
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the core (skull, sternum, ribs, sacrum, vertebral column, coccyx)

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19
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protection of vital organs

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20
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs and their attachments (pectoral and pelvic girdles)

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21
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Movement

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22
Q

What is the function of the cranium?

A

Enclosing the brain and providing muscle attachments

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23
Q

What is the function of the facial bones?

A

Protecting and supporting sensory organs

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24
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

Keeping the trunk upright and supporting the head

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25
Q

What are the divisions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum and coccyx

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26
Q

What is the ribcage composed of?

A

Ribs and sternum

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27
Q

What is the function of the ribcage?

A

Protection of heart and lungs

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28
Q

What is the general structure of limbs?

A

As single proximal long bone, two distal long bones and either hands or feet

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29
Q

What are the regions of the upper limb?

A

Arm and forearm

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30
Q

What are the regions of the lower limb?

A

Thigh and leg

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31
Q

How many carpals are in the hand?

A

8

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32
Q

How many tarsals are in the foot?

A

7

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33
Q

How many metacarpals are in hands and feet?

34
Q

How many phalanges are there in the hands and feet?

35
Q

What is the singular word for phalanges?

36
Q

How are upper limbs attached to the axial skeleton?

A

Pectoral Girdle

37
Q

How are the lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton?

A

Pelvic Girdle

38
Q

What is included in the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

39
Q

What is included in the pelvic girdle?

A

Hip bones (2), sacrum and the pelvis

40
Q

What is the function of the clavicle?

A

A stabilising strut

41
Q

What is the function of the scapula?

A

Muscle attachments

42
Q

What is the function the pelvic girdle?

A

Weight bearing

43
Q

What are the parts of the pelvis?

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

44
Q

What are the differences between the humerus and the femur?

A

Length, articulation and the amount of stability and movement

45
Q

Where does the femur connect to the pelvis?

A

Acetabulum

46
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Cells and an extra-cellular matrix

47
Q

What is the extra-cellular matrix?

A

Things which aren’t cells in the bone

48
Q

What can bone do?

A

Respond to external forces, remodel and change shape throughout life and respond to trauma

49
Q

What is bone tissue composed of?

A

Connective tissue and two extra-cellular components (organic and inorganic)

50
Q

What is the organic part of bone?

A

Collagen (protein) and grounds substance (proteoglycans)

51
Q

What is the function of the organic part of bone?

A

Allows bone to be slightly flexible and resist tension

52
Q

What is the inorganic part of bone?

A

Hydroxyapitite and other calcium minerals

53
Q

What are the four cells in bones?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and osteogenic cells

54
Q

What do the cells in bones do?

A

Maintain bone homeostasis which is the balance in bone destruction and formation

55
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells which produce osteoblasts

56
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

The makers of new bone matrix

57
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Maintainers and communicators which communicate with osteoblasts and osteoclasts indicating how much bone must be made and destroyed to maintain homeostasis. Also recycle protein and minerals from the bone matrix.

58
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

The destroyers which remove bone matrix

59
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

60
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

Trabecullar

61
Q

What is an osteon?

A

A longitudinal unit within compact bone which provides a pathway for nutrients to get to the cells

62
Q

What is the central canal?

A

It contains the blood vessels and nerves in the osteon

63
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Series of cylinders formed of extracellular matrix surrounding the central canal

64
Q

What is the function of lamellae?

A

Forming the shape of osteons and the collagen fibres within the lamellae resist forces

65
Q

What are the lacunae?

A

Lakes where the osteocytes are found

66
Q

Where are lacunae found?

A

Between the lamellae

67
Q

What are canalliculi?

A

Channels for nutrients to run through the extra-cellular matrix

68
Q

What is the function of canalliculi?

A

To run from the central canal to the lacunae so that osteocytes can receive nutrients

69
Q

What are the two types of lamellae?

A

Interstitial and circumferential

70
Q

Where is interstitial lamellae found?

A

Between osteons

71
Q

Where is circumferential lamellae found?

A

Surrounding osteons at the edge of the bone

72
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Struts of lamellae

73
Q

What fills the cavities between trabeculae?

74
Q

Where are the osteocytes found in cancellous bone?

A

Lacunae between the lamellae/on the surface

75
Q

Where are canalliculi in cancellous bone?

A

They run from the outside to the inside of the trabeculae as there is no central canal

76
Q

What does the organisation of trabeculae do?

A

Direct forces linearly to compact bone through pathways formed by their arrangement

77
Q

What is the function of trabeculae?

A

Resisting forces from multiple directions and spreading forces distally

78
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Osteoblasts found on the circumference of the bone secrete bone matrix in the lamellae and osteoclasts remove bone from the medullary cavity

79
Q

Why is bone homeostasis important?

A

It allows the body to mobilise calcium, phosphate and other minerals found within the bone matrix

80
Q

How is bone homeostasis maintained?

A

Having calcium in the diet and exercising

81
Q

What happens bone homeostasis isn’t maintained?

A

An imbalance in osteoblastic/osteoclastic activity which can lead to osteoporosis

82
Q

Why are women more at risk of getting osteoporosis?

A

They lose oestrogen post-menopause which influences osteoclastic activity

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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