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HUBS191 > B cells > Flashcards

B cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are B cells?

A

Lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow

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2
Q

What do B cells express?

A

Unique antigel receptor (B cell receptor, BCR)

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3
Q

What do B cells secrete?

A

Antibody (same specificity as BCR)

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4
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Activated B cells that secrete antibody

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5
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A

Provide memory

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6
Q

What happens in the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow development of B cells

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7
Q

What happens in the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, activation of B cells

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8
Q

Describe a B cell

A

B cells have BCR’s which are bound to the membrane and once secreted, BCR act as an antibody

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9
Q

What is the structure of a BCR?

A

@ heavy chains which stick into the cell and 2 light chains which are involved in antigen recognition

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10
Q

What is the structure of antibody?

A

Same as BCR except secreted not membrane bound

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11
Q

What is the surface of each B cell covered with?

A

Approximately 100,000 BCR which are mainly IgM and IgD antibodies

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12
Q

What does the BCR do?

A

Bind the antigen directly and activates the B cell

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13
Q

What does the activated B cell do?

A

Become a plasma cell and secretes antibody

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14
Q

What are the functions of an antibody?

A

Neutralisation, Opsonisation and Complement

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15
Q

What is neutralisation usually for?

A

Viruses

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16
Q

What happens in neutralisation?

A

Antibodies bind to the antigens on the virus (all over) coating it so that the virus can’t bind to receptors and enter the cell

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17
Q

What happens in opsonisation?

A

Antibody binds to the antigen and when bacteria is covered the phagocytes can recognise the bacterium as needing to be destroyed much easier

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18
Q

What happens in activation of complement?

A

Antibodies bind to the surface of the foreign cell and provide a site for the complement proteins to bind to and become activated

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19
Q

What do antibodies need to do?

A

Clear pathogens

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20
Q

What things need to be considered when antibodies clear pathogens?

A

Different pathogens, different sites of the body and replicating pathogens

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21
Q

What are different types of antibodies called?

A

Isotypes

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22
Q

What happens to the B cell response?

A

It changes during the course of the immune response

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23
Q

What is the BCR?

A

Membrane bound and IgM

24
Q

What does Ig mean?

A

Immunoglobulin=antibody

25
Q

What are other isotopes important for?

A

Different times of the immune response, different sites of infection and different types of pathogen

26
Q

What is the first isotope?

A

IgM

27
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

Pentamer (5 antibodies linked together by a J chain)

28
Q

What is the distribution of IgM?

A

First Ig class produced after initial exposure to antigen. Expressed on naive B cells

29
Q

What is the functions of IgM?

A

Very effective in activating complement, targets extracellular bacteria and acts as an antigen receptor (BCR)

30
Q

What is IgG the main isotope for?

A

Pathogens

31
Q

What is the structure of IgG?

A

Monomer (singular antibody)

32
Q

What is the distribution of IgG?

A

Most abundant Ig class in blood

33
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A

Opsonises/neutralises, only Ig class that crosses placenta = provides passive immunity and targets virus/bacteria

34
Q

What is IgA the isotope for?

A

At mucosal sites

35
Q

What is the structure of IgA?

A

Dimer (2 antibodies connected by secretory component and J chain)

36
Q

What is the distribution of IgA?

A

Present in secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus and breast milk. Monomeric form in the blood

37
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Defence of mucous membranes (including gut), present in breast milk, confers passive immunity on nursing infant and targets virus/bacteria

38
Q

What is IgE the isotope for?

A

Helping destroy parasites

39
Q

What is the structure of IgE?

A

Monomer

40
Q

What is the distribution of IgE?

A

Present in the blood at low concentrations

41
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Immunity to multicellular parasites, activates mast cells that blow up parasites and allergic reactions (e.g. to pollen or eggs)

42
Q

What is IgD?

A

A bit weird

43
Q

What is the structure of IgD?

A

Monomer

44
Q

What is the distribution of IgD?

A

Expressed on naive B cells

45
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Can act as an antigen receptor (BCR) and its specific function is unknown

46
Q

what leads to B cell differentiation into plasma cells?

A

Stimulation of B cells by antigen and help from T cell

47
Q

What also results from stimulation of B cells?

A

A small number of stimulated B cells form a pool of memory cells

48
Q

what do memory cells do?

A

Persist for years in the blood and lymph

49
Q

What do memory B cells express?

A

Antibody as BCR but do not secrete antibody

50
Q

What happens if memory B cells see antigen again?

A

They respond rapidly to become plasma cells

51
Q

What happens in the primary immune response?

A

Naive B cells activated

52
Q

What is the duration of the primary immune response?

A

Takes around 7-14 days before sufficient antibody is produced to eliminate pathogen

53
Q

What is the amount of antibody produced in the primary immune response?

A

Relatively low amount - mainly IgM

54
Q

What does the secondary immune response rely on?

A

Memory B cells

55
Q

What is the speed of the secondary immune response?

A

Fast: 2-3 days, sufficient antibody is produced to eliminate the pathogen - IgG

56
Q

What is the amount of antibody produced in the secondary immune response?

A

Higher amounts of antibody produced

57
Q

What is the secondary immune response the basis of?

A

Vaccination

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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