Bone & Biomechanics 6 Flashcards
Which muscles are found at the shoulder?
Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii
Which muscles are found at the elbow?
Biceps brachii, triceps brachii
Which muscles are found at the hip?
Iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris hamstrings
Which muscles are found at the knee?
Quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, gastrocnemius
Which muscles are found at the ankle?
Tibialis anterior, triceps surae
Where does the deltoid sit in relation to the shoulder joint?
Anterior, lateral and posterior
Where does the biceps brachii sit in relation to the shoulder joint?
anterior
Where does the triceps brachii sit in relation to the shoulder joint?
posterior
Where does the biceps brachii sit in relation to the elbow joint?
anterior
Where does the triceps brachii sit in relation to the elbow joint?
posterior
Where does the iliopsoas sit in relation to the hip joint?
anterior
Where does the gluteus maximus sit in relation to the hip joint?
posterior
Where does the rectus femoris sit in relation to the hip joint?
Anterior
Where does the hamstrings sit in relation to the hip joint?
posterior
Where does the quadriceps femoris sit in relation to the knee joint?
anterior
Where does the hamstrings sit in relation to the knee joint?
posterior
Where does the gastrocnemius sit in relation to the knee joint?
posterior
Where does the tibialis anterior sit in relation to the ankle joint?
anterior
Where does the triceps surae sit in relation to the ankle joint?
posterior
What are the characteristics of quadrupedal standing?
Wide base of support, limbs and therefore muscles are active at many joints making fit energy demanding
What are the characteristics of bipedal standing?
Relatively small area of contact with the ground, plantar surface of feet (part which touches floor), energy efficient
What is the role of gravity in standing?
It can act as an agonist or an antagonist so can change the position joints or also oppose movement
Where does the line of gravity fall in a human?
Posterior to the hip and anterior to the knee and ankle
What position is the hip in when standing?
It is pushed into extension so that the ligaments are tight and the joint is locked. Muscles aren’t active so this is energy efficient
What are the capsular ligaments of the hip?
Pubofemoral, iliofemoral and ischiofemoral
What are the ligaments of the hip like when in flexion?
lax anteriorly and taut posteriorly
What are the ligaments of the hip like when in extension?
taut anteriorly and lax posteriorly
What is the position of the knee joint when standing?
It is pushed into extension so that the ligaments (MCL and LCL) are tight and the joint is locked. Muscles aren’t active so this is energy efficient
What is the position of the ankle joint when standing?
The joint falls into dorsiflexion and isn’t locked. Plantarflexors must stabilise the joint and so energy is consumed
What is the bipedal stance unique to?
Humans
What forms the base of support for humans?
The feet but they aren’t large enough to be the only balance solution
What assists in balance?
The bones, joints and muscles have special anatomical features
How is standing for humans energy efficient?
It requires very little muscular effort (mostly in the ankle)
What is bipedal walking?
A learned movement strategy of which is characteristic and the basic pattern is the gait style
What are the two main phases of the gait cycle and what is also included?
Stance and swing but heel strike and toe off are also included
What is some characteristics of the gait cycle?
It is complex and dynamic, involves lots of movements and muscles and has lots of phases
What % of time does the swing phase account for?
40%
What % of time does the stance phase account for?
60%
Why is the stance phase longer than the swing phase?
Because there are times when both feet are on the ground
What is the six stages of the gait cycle?
Early stance (includes heel strike), mid stance, late stance (includes toe off), early swing, mid-swing, late swing
What is the position of the hip in early stance?
In flexion but moving to extension
What is the action of the hip muscles in early stance?
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings are acting concentrically and iliopsoas and rectus femoris are acting eccentrically
What is the position of the knee in early stance and why?
It is locked in extension for stability
What is the action of the knee muscles in early stance?
Isometric activity of quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius
What is the position of the ankle in early stance and why?
In dorsiflexion which is stable with the best bony congruence but moving to plantarflexion
What is the action of the ankle muscles in early stance and why?
Triceps surae are acting concentrically and tibialis anterior is acting eccentrically to control the rate of the foot dropping to the ground
What is the position of the hip in mid stance?
It is moving into extension
What is the action of the hip muscles in mid stance?
gluteus maximus and harstrings are acting concentrically and iliopsoas and rectus femoris are acting eccentrically
What is the position of the knee in mid stance and why?
Moving from extension to slight flexion to give a smoother movement
What is the action of the knee muscles in mid stance?
Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius
What is the position of the ankle in mid stance?
Moving into plantarflexion
What is the action of the ankle muscles in mid stance?
Concentric action of triceps surae and eccentric action of tibialis anterior
What is the position of the hip in late stance?
In extension
What is the action of the hip muscles in late stance?
Iliopsoas and rectus femoris act eccentrically and gluteus maximus and hamstrings act concentrically
What is the position of the knee in late stance?
In extension as the ankle moves into full plantarflexion
What is the action of the knee muscles in late stance?
Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius and eccentric action of quadriceps femoris
What is the position of the ankle in late stance?
In full plantarflexion
What is the action of the ankle muscles in late stance and why?
Concentric activity of triceps surae and eccentric activity of the tibialis anterior gives strong propulsion
What is the position of the hip in early swing?
In extension but moving into flexion
What is the action of the hip muscles in early swing and why?
concentric activity if iliopsoas and rectus femoris and eccentric activity of gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control rate of swing
What is then position of the knee in early swing?
In flexion
What is the action of the knee muscles in early swing?
Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius and eccentric action of quadriceps femoris
What is the position of the ankle in early swing?
In dorsiflexion to all of clearance of the toes during swing
What is the action of the ankle muscles in early swing?
Concentric action of tibialis anterior and eccentric action of triceps surae
What is the position of the hip during mid swing?
In flexion
What is the action of the hip muscles during mid swing and why?
Concentric activity of iliopsoas and rectus femoris and eccentric activity of gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control rate of swing
What is the position of the knee during mid swing?
In flexion
What is the action of the knee muscles during mid swing?
Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius and eccentric action of quadriceps femoris
What is then position of the ankle during mid swing?
In dorsiflexion to allow for clearance of the toes during swing
What is the action of the ankle muscles during mid swing?
Concentric action of tibialis anterior and eccentric acton of triceps surae
What is the position of then hip during late swing?
In flexion
What is the action of the hip muscles during latte swing and why?
Concentric activity of iliopsoas and rectus femoris ad eccentric activity of the gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control the rate of swing
What is the position of the knee during late swing and why?
In flexion but moving into extension to prepare for heel strike and knee locking for stability
What is the action of the knee muscles during late swing?
Concentric action of quadriceps femoris and eccentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius
What is the position of the ankle during late swing and why?
In dorsiflexion for most stable joint position for heel strike
What is the action of the ankle muscles during late swing?
Concentric activity of tibialis anterior and isometric activity of triceps surae to keep the ankle stable
What happens after late swing?
Move back to early stance
