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HUBS191 > Bone & Biomechanics 6 > Flashcards

Bone & Biomechanics 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscles are found at the shoulder?

A

Deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii

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2
Q

Which muscles are found at the elbow?

A

Biceps brachii, triceps brachii

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3
Q

Which muscles are found at the hip?

A

Iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris hamstrings

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4
Q

Which muscles are found at the knee?

A

Quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, gastrocnemius

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5
Q

Which muscles are found at the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior, triceps surae

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6
Q

Where does the deltoid sit in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

Anterior, lateral and posterior

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7
Q

Where does the biceps brachii sit in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

anterior

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8
Q

Where does the triceps brachii sit in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

posterior

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9
Q

Where does the biceps brachii sit in relation to the elbow joint?

A

anterior

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10
Q

Where does the triceps brachii sit in relation to the elbow joint?

A

posterior

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11
Q

Where does the iliopsoas sit in relation to the hip joint?

A

anterior

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12
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus sit in relation to the hip joint?

A

posterior

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13
Q

Where does the rectus femoris sit in relation to the hip joint?

A

Anterior

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14
Q

Where does the hamstrings sit in relation to the hip joint?

A

posterior

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15
Q

Where does the quadriceps femoris sit in relation to the knee joint?

A

anterior

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16
Q

Where does the hamstrings sit in relation to the knee joint?

A

posterior

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17
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius sit in relation to the knee joint?

A

posterior

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18
Q

Where does the tibialis anterior sit in relation to the ankle joint?

A

anterior

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19
Q

Where does the triceps surae sit in relation to the ankle joint?

A

posterior

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of quadrupedal standing?

A

Wide base of support, limbs and therefore muscles are active at many joints making fit energy demanding

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of bipedal standing?

A

Relatively small area of contact with the ground, plantar surface of feet (part which touches floor), energy efficient

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22
Q

What is the role of gravity in standing?

A

It can act as an agonist or an antagonist so can change the position joints or also oppose movement

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23
Q

Where does the line of gravity fall in a human?

A

Posterior to the hip and anterior to the knee and ankle

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24
Q

What position is the hip in when standing?

A

It is pushed into extension so that the ligaments are tight and the joint is locked. Muscles aren’t active so this is energy efficient

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25
Q

What are the capsular ligaments of the hip?

A

Pubofemoral, iliofemoral and ischiofemoral

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26
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip like when in flexion?

A

lax anteriorly and taut posteriorly

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27
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip like when in extension?

A

taut anteriorly and lax posteriorly

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28
Q

What is the position of the knee joint when standing?

A

It is pushed into extension so that the ligaments (MCL and LCL) are tight and the joint is locked. Muscles aren’t active so this is energy efficient

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29
Q

What is the position of the ankle joint when standing?

A

The joint falls into dorsiflexion and isn’t locked. Plantarflexors must stabilise the joint and so energy is consumed

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30
Q

What is the bipedal stance unique to?

A

Humans

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31
Q

What forms the base of support for humans?

A

The feet but they aren’t large enough to be the only balance solution

32
Q

What assists in balance?

A

The bones, joints and muscles have special anatomical features

33
Q

How is standing for humans energy efficient?

A

It requires very little muscular effort (mostly in the ankle)

34
Q

What is bipedal walking?

A

A learned movement strategy of which is characteristic and the basic pattern is the gait style

35
Q

What are the two main phases of the gait cycle and what is also included?

A

Stance and swing but heel strike and toe off are also included

36
Q

What is some characteristics of the gait cycle?

A

It is complex and dynamic, involves lots of movements and muscles and has lots of phases

37
Q

What % of time does the swing phase account for?

A

40%

38
Q

What % of time does the stance phase account for?

A

60%

39
Q

Why is the stance phase longer than the swing phase?

A

Because there are times when both feet are on the ground

40
Q

What is the six stages of the gait cycle?

A

Early stance (includes heel strike), mid stance, late stance (includes toe off), early swing, mid-swing, late swing

41
Q

What is the position of the hip in early stance?

A

In flexion but moving to extension

42
Q

What is the action of the hip muscles in early stance?

A

Gluteus maximus and hamstrings are acting concentrically and iliopsoas and rectus femoris are acting eccentrically

43
Q

What is the position of the knee in early stance and why?

A

It is locked in extension for stability

44
Q

What is the action of the knee muscles in early stance?

A

Isometric activity of quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius

45
Q

What is the position of the ankle in early stance and why?

A

In dorsiflexion which is stable with the best bony congruence but moving to plantarflexion

46
Q

What is the action of the ankle muscles in early stance and why?

A

Triceps surae are acting concentrically and tibialis anterior is acting eccentrically to control the rate of the foot dropping to the ground

47
Q

What is the position of the hip in mid stance?

A

It is moving into extension

48
Q

What is the action of the hip muscles in mid stance?

A

gluteus maximus and harstrings are acting concentrically and iliopsoas and rectus femoris are acting eccentrically

49
Q

What is the position of the knee in mid stance and why?

A

Moving from extension to slight flexion to give a smoother movement

50
Q

What is the action of the knee muscles in mid stance?

A

Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius

51
Q

What is the position of the ankle in mid stance?

A

Moving into plantarflexion

52
Q

What is the action of the ankle muscles in mid stance?

A

Concentric action of triceps surae and eccentric action of tibialis anterior

53
Q

What is the position of the hip in late stance?

A

In extension

54
Q

What is the action of the hip muscles in late stance?

A

Iliopsoas and rectus femoris act eccentrically and gluteus maximus and hamstrings act concentrically

55
Q

What is the position of the knee in late stance?

A

In extension as the ankle moves into full plantarflexion

56
Q

What is the action of the knee muscles in late stance?

A

Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius and eccentric action of quadriceps femoris

57
Q

What is the position of the ankle in late stance?

A

In full plantarflexion

58
Q

What is the action of the ankle muscles in late stance and why?

A

Concentric activity of triceps surae and eccentric activity of the tibialis anterior gives strong propulsion

59
Q

What is the position of the hip in early swing?

A

In extension but moving into flexion

60
Q

What is the action of the hip muscles in early swing and why?

A

concentric activity if iliopsoas and rectus femoris and eccentric activity of gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control rate of swing

61
Q

What is then position of the knee in early swing?

A

In flexion

62
Q

What is the action of the knee muscles in early swing?

A

Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius and eccentric action of quadriceps femoris

63
Q

What is the position of the ankle in early swing?

A

In dorsiflexion to all of clearance of the toes during swing

64
Q

What is the action of the ankle muscles in early swing?

A

Concentric action of tibialis anterior and eccentric action of triceps surae

65
Q

What is the position of the hip during mid swing?

A

In flexion

66
Q

What is the action of the hip muscles during mid swing and why?

A

Concentric activity of iliopsoas and rectus femoris and eccentric activity of gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control rate of swing

67
Q

What is the position of the knee during mid swing?

A

In flexion

68
Q

What is the action of the knee muscles during mid swing?

A

Concentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius and eccentric action of quadriceps femoris

69
Q

What is then position of the ankle during mid swing?

A

In dorsiflexion to allow for clearance of the toes during swing

70
Q

What is the action of the ankle muscles during mid swing?

A

Concentric action of tibialis anterior and eccentric acton of triceps surae

71
Q

What is the position of then hip during late swing?

A

In flexion

72
Q

What is the action of the hip muscles during latte swing and why?

A

Concentric activity of iliopsoas and rectus femoris ad eccentric activity of the gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control the rate of swing

73
Q

What is the position of the knee during late swing and why?

A

In flexion but moving into extension to prepare for heel strike and knee locking for stability

74
Q

What is the action of the knee muscles during late swing?

A

Concentric action of quadriceps femoris and eccentric action of hamstrings and gastrocnemius

75
Q

What is the position of the ankle during late swing and why?

A

In dorsiflexion for most stable joint position for heel strike

76
Q

What is the action of the ankle muscles during late swing?

A

Concentric activity of tibialis anterior and isometric activity of triceps surae to keep the ankle stable

77
Q

What happens after late swing?

A

Move back to early stance

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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