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HUBS191 > Motor Control & Somatic Sensation > Flashcards

Motor Control & Somatic Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step of a spinal reflex?

A

Stimulation of a receptor

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2
Q

What happens after a receptor is stimulated?

A

Activation of a sensory neuron

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3
Q

What happens after a sensory neuron is activated?

A

Information processing in the CNS

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4
Q

What happens after information processing in the CNS?

A

Activation of a motor neuron

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5
Q

What happens after activation of a motor neuron?

A

Response of a peripheral effector

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6
Q

How are spinal reflexes described?

A

Organised neural circuit which is contained within the spinal cord and is. reproducible, automatic response to a particular stimulus

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7
Q

What are the two types of reflex?

A

Stretch and withdrawal

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8
Q

What is the first step of a stretch reflex?

A

Stimulation of a receptor causes a stretch (receptor= muscle spindle)

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9
Q

What happens after stimulation of a receptor causes a stretch?

A

A sensory neuron is activated where the stretch occurred

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10
Q

What happens after a sensory neuron is activated where the stretch occurred?

A

Information processing in the CNS (spinal cord)

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11
Q

What happens after information processing in the CNS (spinal cord)

A

Activation of a motor neuron attached to muscle spindle

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12
Q

What happens after activation of a motor neuron attached to muscle spindle?

A

Response of a peripheral effector (contraction)

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13
Q

What is the muscle spindle involved in?

A

Stretch reflex (shortening of muscle) and posture

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14
Q

What is included in the muscle spindle?

A

Motor neurons from the CNS which innervate each muscle spindle

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15
Q

What is the first step of the withdrawal reflex?

A

Painful stimulus

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16
Q

What happens after the painful stimulus in the withdrawal reflex?

A

To the posterior root ganglion

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17
Q

What happens after the posterior root ganglion in the withdrawal reflex?

A

Distribution within grey horns to other segments of the spinal cord and to the brain (more than one synapse)

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18
Q

What happens after the distribution within the grey horns to other segments of the spinal cord and to the brain in the withdrawal reflex?

A

Excitatory effect is relayed to flexors and relax effect is relayed to extensors to cause reciprocal inhibition

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19
Q

What happens in the brain during the withdrawal reflex?

A

Messages received in the spinal cord may be overridden by what is happening in the brain if there is other consequences of the movement

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20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in preparing for and performing movement?

A

Coordinates muscles guided by sensory feedback, compares intended movement with the actual result, helps maintain posture and gaze and helps learn and automate movements

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21
Q

What happens when preparing form movement in the brain?

A

The decision made in the frontal lobe is transferred to the premotor cortex and then to the cerebellum

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22
Q

What does the cerebellum do when performing voluntary movement?

A

Compares sensory feedback about the actual movement to the intended movement and signals adjustments to the primary motor cortex

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23
Q

What happens after adjustments have been signalled to the primary motor cortex?

A

Messages are conducted down the corticospinal pathway to the lower motor neurons so that motor units can be activated to cause muscle contraction

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24
Q

What can cerebellar deficits cause?

A

Ataxia characteristic ‘drunken gait’

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25
Q

What are the two types of sensory inputs into the brain?

A

Special senses and somatic & visceral sensations

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26
Q

What are some special senses?

A

Vision, hearing, taste, smell (& pheromones) and vestibular (balance)

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27
Q

What are some somatic & visceral sensations?

A

Touch, pain, warm & cold and body position

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28
Q

What is an example of direct inputs?

A

Hypothalamic temperature sensing

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29
Q

What is an example of endocrine inputs?

A

Food intake regulation

30
Q

What type of neurons are sensory neurons?

A

pseudounipolar

31
Q

What is the receipt for somatic & visceral sensation?

A

The ending of an afferent (somatosensory) neuron

32
Q

What is the receptor for special senses?

A

A specialised receptor cell

33
Q

What is inside the receptor cell?

A

Vesicles containing a chemical messenger

34
Q

What is sensory receptors highly sensitive to?

A

A particular stimulus (modality)

35
Q

What are the four types of information to describe a sensory stimulus?

A

MModality, intensity, duration and location

36
Q

What is meant bu modality?

A

The type of sensory receptor activated

37
Q

What is meant by intensity?

A

The frequency of action potential firing in afferent neuron

38
Q

What is meant by duration?

A

Duration of action potential firing in the afferent neuron

39
Q

What is meant by location?

A

Location of sensory receptors activated ‘mapped’ in the brain

40
Q

What controls proprioreception?

A

Muscle spindle controls muscle length, body position, movement and posture

41
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the muscle spindle?

A

The endings of the axon wound around the muscle fibres

42
Q

What do touch receptors have?

A

A variety of different forms and special functions

43
Q

What are some touch receptors associated with?

A

A single hair, the free nerve endings of pain receptors spread more widely in the skin and can respond to stimulation over a wider area (have a larger receptive field)

44
Q

What happens when the stimulus is below threshold?

A

There is no response in the afferent neuron

45
Q

What happens when there is an increasing stimulus?

A

Increases the action potential frequency and it is conducted down the axon.

46
Q

What can stronger stimuli also do?

A

Activate more receptors sn action potentials in more sensory neurons

47
Q

What are sensory receptors most sensitive to?

A

Change

48
Q

What do sensory receptors often show?

A

Adaptation

49
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Decreased output over time in response to continuous stimulation

50
Q

What is an example of adaptation?

A

Thermoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in temperature, some touch receptors are most sensitive to vibration

51
Q

What are the two types of receptors?

A

Tonic and phasic

52
Q

What do tonic receptors do?

A

Are active all the time and the frequency of action potential increases when the stimulus increases

53
Q

What is an example of a tonic receptor?

A

Muscle spindles that monitor and detect muscle length

54
Q

What do phasic receptors do?

A

Occur in patches when on or off

55
Q

What is an example of phasic receptors?

A

Touch receptors activated by vibration

56
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

The region of space in which a stimulus can lead to activity in a particular afferent neuron

57
Q

What does small fields and dense innervation do?

A

Gives good discrimination (detailed and accurate information)

58
Q

Fields can…

A

Overlap, a strong stimuli may activation more than one

59
Q

What is modality coded as?

A

A labeled line

60
Q

What does a labeled line do?

A

Say what type the information is and where it has come from

61
Q

What is in integration?

A

Cerebral cortex, couscous sensation and perception

62
Q

What is in afferent neurons?

A

Peripheral nerve and tract or pathway

63
Q

What is the sensory receptor?

A

Sensory stimulus converted into action potentials, TRANSDUCTION

64
Q

What is the post central gyrus?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex

65
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Somatic sensory association cortex

66
Q

What is sensation and where does it occur?

A

Conscious identification of ‘what and where’ occurs in the primary region of the cortex (post central gyrus)

67
Q

What is perception and where does it occur?

A

Meaningful interpretation occurs in the association (secondary) region of the cortex- parietal lobe

68
Q

What do areas of the somatosensory cortex correspond to?

A

Areas of the body

69
Q

What occupies large regions of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Densely innervated areas of the body with small receptive fields

70
Q

What does the left cortex represent?

A

The right side of the body and vice versa

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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