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HUBS191 > Nerve & Muscle- Cells and Organisation of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Nerve & Muscle- Cells and Organisation of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main separations of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord composed of?

A

Neurons and glia

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4
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Peripheral nerves and glia (everything that isn’t the CNS)

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5
Q

What cells classes are in the PNS?

A

Neurons and glia

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6
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Specialised for transmission of information

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7
Q

How many types of neurons are there?

A

4

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8
Q

What is the function of glia?

A

Supporting the neurons

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9
Q

How many types of glia are there?

A

5 (4 in the CNS and 1 in the PNS) which each have a specific function

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10
Q

What are the four structural components of neurons?

A

Dendrites, the cell body, axon and axon terminal

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11
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

To receive input and send information to the cell body

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contain the nucleus and organelles as well as summing the inputs

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13
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

To carry electrical impulses (action potentials). It may or may not be myelinated (have a myelin sheath).

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14
Q

What is the function of the axon terminal?

A

It is the end (terminus) of the axon an dis responsible for neurotransmitter (chemical) release

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15
Q

What is. group of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the CNS?

A

Tract

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17
Q

What is a group of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex or spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

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18
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the cerebral cortex or spinal cord?

A

White matter

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19
Q

What is a group of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglion

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20
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the PNS?

A

Nerve

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21
Q

What are the functional components of neurons?

A

Input zone, summation zone, conduction zone and output zone

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22
Q

What us included in the input zone?

A

Dendrites and cell body

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23
Q

What is the function of the input zone?

A

Receive chemical stimulus from other neurons

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24
Q

What is the structure of the summation zone?

A

Axon hillock

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25
Q

What is the function of the summation zone?

A

Summation of the inputs

26
Q

What is included in the conduction zone?

A

Axon which may be quite long

27
Q

What is the function of the conduction zone?

A

Carry electrical signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord or from peripheral sensory receptors and to effector cells

28
Q

What is included in the output zone?

A

Axon terminals

29
Q

What is the function of the output zone?

A

Make contact with the input zone of other neurons or effecters and release neurotransmitters (chemical signal)

30
Q

Cells of the. nervous system are…

A

specialised for specific tasks so they look different. There is a basic shape which all neurons have but a specific shape that individual neurons may have

31
Q

What are the 4 morphological types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar and anaxonic

32
Q

What is the structure of multipolar neurons?

A

Multiple processes emanating from the cell body

33
Q

What is the structure of bipolar neurons?

A

Two processes emanating from the cell body (dendrites at one end and axon terminal at the other)

34
Q

What is the structure of unipolar neurons?

A

One process emanates from the cell body then branches into dendrite and axon

35
Q

What is the structure of anaxonic neurons?

A

No distinct axon and all processes look alike

36
Q

What are the cells of CNS glia?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

37
Q

What is the functions of astrocytes?

A

Supply nutrients to neurons, ensheath blood capillaries and help with injury response

38
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Immune cells of the CNA which engulf microorganisms and debris

39
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line fluid-filled spaced of the brain and spinal cord. They have cilia (hair-like processes) to circulate CSF

40
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Support nerve fibres by ensheathing them with myelin

41
Q

What are the cells of PNS glia?

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Support peripheral nerve fibres, ensheath them with myelin by wrapping their plasma membrane around the axon

43
Q

What are Schwann cells similar to?

A

Oligodendrocytes

44
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Lipid (fat) wrapped around the axon

45
Q

Where does the myelin sheath come from in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

46
Q

Where does the myelin sheath come from in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Increasing conduction velocity

48
Q

What is the basic structure the myelin sheath?

A

Multiple Schwann cells in line with gaps between called nodes of ranvier which increase conduction velocity

49
Q

What is a SYNAPSE?

A

Where communication between neurons occurs

50
Q

What is the output zone of a neuron close to?

A

The input zone of another neuron

51
Q

Where is the pre-synaptic neuron found?

A

Before the synapse

52
Q

What does the function of the pre-synaptic neuron?

A

To release neurotransmitter (chemical signal) from the axon terminal

53
Q

What does the pre-synaptic neutron contain?

A

Synaptic vesicles (pockets of neurotransmitters) which are released by exocytosis when an action potential reaches the axon terminal

54
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

Space between two neurons (output zone of one and input zone of another)

55
Q

Where is the post-synaptic neuron found?

A

After the synapse

56
Q

What is contained in the post-synaptic neuron?

A

Receptors for neurotransmitters are in the plasma membrane

57
Q

What is and electrical signal converted to?

A

Chemical signal (neurotransmitters) and then back to electrical signal

58
Q

Where does the information flow in the nervous system?

A

Both directions

59
Q

What is information that goes into the brain called?

A

Afferent and also sometimes called ascending

60
Q

What is information that goes out of the brain called?

A

Efferent and also sometimes called descending

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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