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HUBS191 > Innate Immunity: Immune Cells In The Blood > Flashcards

Innate Immunity: Immune Cells In The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma and cells

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2
Q

What portion of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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3
Q

What portion of the blood is formed elements?

A

45%

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4
Q

What is included in the plasm?

A

Proteins (including antibodies and immunoglobulin), other solutes and water

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5
Q

What is included in formed elements?

A

Platelets, white blood cells (leukocytes) and red blood cells

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6
Q

What are bone marrow stem cells the source of?

A

Blood cells

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7
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The process where a stem cell develops into a blood cell

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8
Q

What are hematopoietic cells?

A

Those which can become blood cells

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9
Q

What are the three blood lineages?

A

Erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid

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10
Q

What are the 3 blood lineages derived from?

A

Henatopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

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11
Q

What does erythroid lineage make?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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12
Q

What does myeloid make?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate immune cells)

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13
Q

What does lymphoid make?

A

B and t lymphocytes (adaptive immune cells)

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14
Q

What lineages make white blood cells?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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15
Q

What are granulocytes in blood?

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

What portion of leukocytes are neutophils?

A

75%

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17
Q

How phagocytic are neutrophils?

A

Highly

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18
Q

What happens to neutrophils during infection?

A

The numbers in the blood increase

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19
Q

What do granulocytes do?

A

Circulate in the blood and can move into tissue during inflammation

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20
Q

What are granulocytes in tissues?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Lining mucosal surfaces (not in blood)

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22
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Release granules that attract white blood cells to areas of tissue damage

23
Q

Where are monocytes?

A

Present in the blood

24
Q

How much phagocytosis do monocytes do?

A

Low phagocytosis

25
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Leave blood and develop into macrophages in tissues (spleen, liver)

26
Q

How much phagocytosis do macrophages do?

A

High phagocytosis

27
Q

What can macrophages do?

A

Become resident (sessile) or move through tissues (migratory)

28
Q

What are the 3 important functions of monocytes and macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis, release of chemical messengers, show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells (linking innate and adaptive immunity)

29
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

In low numbers in the blood and all tissues in contact with the environment

30
Q

Are dendritic cells phagocytosis?

A

Yes

31
Q

What are dendritic cells important for?

A

They are the most important cell type to help trigger adaptive immune responses

32
Q

How do immune system cells move around the body?

A

They are carried in the blood and lymph

33
Q

What can immune cells being carried around the body do?

A

Leave the blood and enter into tissues

34
Q

What does lymph in tissues do?

A

Collects into lymphatic vessels. These drain lymph into lymph nodes

35
Q

What is a virus composed of?

A

Nuclei acid, nucleocapsid (protein coat) and some have an envelope

36
Q

What are the common building blocks (PAMP’s) of viruses?

A

Nucleus acid (ssRNA and dsRNA)

37
Q

What is bacteria composed of?

A

Capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus acid and flagella

38
Q

What are the common building blocks (PAMP’s) of bacteria?

A

Cell wall, flagella, nucleus acid

39
Q

What part of the cell wall is PAMP?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid

40
Q

What part of the flagella is PAMP?

A

Flagellin which is a protein

41
Q

What part of the nuclei acid is PAMP?

A

Unmethylated CpG DNA

42
Q

Where are pattern recognition receptors found?

A

In the cell membrane

43
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors do?

A

Bind to PAMPS

44
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors do once bound to a PAMP?

A

Sends a signal to upregulate gene transcription for genes which encode proteins which help the immune system to fight the infection

45
Q

Where must viruses be to be detected and why?

A

Inside the cell because their coating just be removed

46
Q

What are virus and bacteria PAMPS sensed by?

A

Receptors in phagolysosomes (organelles within the cell)

47
Q

What can phagolysosome receptors do?

A

Signal to regulate gene transcription

48
Q

What is an example of receptors in phagolysosomes?

A

Toll like receptors

49
Q

What is a fever?

A

Abnormally high temperature above 37

50
Q

How does fever occur?

A

By resetting of the thermostat (hypothalamus)

51
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

They are released by cells of the immune states to regulate the action of the hypothalamus

52
Q

What happens after ingesting bacteria?

A

Phagocytes produce the chemical messenger and pyrogens interleukin 1 (IL-1). More IL-1 increases the temperature more

53
Q

Why might a fever be useful?

A

It inhibits the growth of microorganisms and improves the function of some of the immune cells and molecules

54
Q

What happens as a result of a fever?

A

Decreased phagocytosis, decreased IL-1 and therefore decreased temperatures

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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