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HUBS191 > Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of an organisms defence system(immune system) in health and disease

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2
Q

What is the immune system composed of?

A

Organs, cells and molecules

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3
Q

What is the immune system?

A

An organised system of organs, cells and molecules that interact together to defend the body against disease (pathogenic micro-organisms and cancer)

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4
Q

what diseases are affected by the immune response?

A

Infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer

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5
Q

What are examples of infectious diseases?

A

HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, influenza, malaria, SARS-CoV-2

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6
Q

What are examples of inflammatory diseases?

A

Arthritis/rheumatism, allergy/asthma, lupus, diabetes, chyrons’s disease/inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis

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7
Q

what are microbes?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa

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8
Q

What are the small microbes?

A

Viruses and bacteria (prokaryotes)

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9
Q

What are the larger microbes?

A

Fungi and protozoa (eukaryotes)

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10
Q

what are some microbes?

A

Pathogens

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11
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing microbes

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12
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

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13
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid organs?

A

Primary and secondary

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14
Q

What happens at primary lymphoid organs?

A

Production of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

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15
Q

What happens at secondary lymphoid glands?

A

Sites where immune responses are initiated

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16
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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17
Q

What is the bone marrow?

A

A rich source of stem cells (pluripotent) that develop into cells of the ‘innate’ and ‘adaptive’ immune responses

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18
Q

What happens at the thymus?

A

Where white blood cells become T cells and learn not to react to themselves

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19
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

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20
Q

What is the spleen?

A

The site of initiation for immune responses against blood-borne pathogens (disease causing microbes)

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21
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Along lymphatic vessels

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22
Q

What happens at lymph nodes?

A

Lymph fluid from blood and tissue is filtered and it is the site of the initiation of immune response

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of defence?

A

Chemical and physical barriers, innate arm, adaptive arm

24
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

25
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The outer layer of the skin composed of densely packed dead cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells

26
Q

What constantly renews?

A

The outer layer of the dermis

27
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Thick layer of connective tissue, collagen and blood vessels and phagocytic immune cells beneath the epidermis

28
Q

What is also in the skin?

A

Dendritic cells (immune cells)

29
Q

What are the chemical defences of the skin?

A

Antimicrobial peptides (skin defensins), lysozyme, sebum and salt

30
Q

What do antimicrobial peptides (skin defensins) do?

A

Form pores in microbial cell membranes causing them to leak nutrients and die

31
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

32
Q

What is sebum?

A

Produced by the sebaceous glands and has a low pH which microbes don’t like the acidic environment

33
Q

What is salt?

A

Produced in sea by the sweat glands and causes the microbes to desiccate (dry out) and die

34
Q

What is the mucous membranes composed of?

A

Epithelium

35
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

Tightly packed live cells which are constantly renewed, mucus producing goblet cells

36
Q

How many layers in a mucous membrane?

A

1-2

37
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

Lining parts of the body that lead to the outside and are exposed to air (ocular, respiratory, oral, urogenital/rectal)

38
Q

What happens in the mucociliary escalator?

A

Cilia move mucus which contains trapped microbes and dust particles up to the pharynx to be removed from the respiratory tract

39
Q

What are the chemical defences of mucosal surfaces?

A

Stomach-low pH, gall bladder- bile, intestine- digestive enzymes, mucus, defensins, lysozyme (tears, urine)

40
Q

What action do the chemical defences of mucosal surfaces have?

A

A flushing action to get rid of things

41
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in the number of cell layers?

A

Skin=many and mucous membrane=1 to a few

42
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in the packing of cells?

A

Both have tightly packed cells

43
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in cells being dead or alive?

A

In skin outer cells are dead and inner cells are alive while in mucous membranes all are alive

44
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in mucus being present?

A

Only present in mucous membranes

45
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in lysozyme and defensins being present?

A

Present in skin but only in some cases the mucous membrane

46
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in sebum being present?

A

Present in skin but not mucous membranes

47
Q

How do skin and mucous membranes compare in cilia being present?

A

Not present in skin but present in trachea and uterine tubes which are mucous membranes

48
Q

What is the two arms of the immune system?

A

Innate and adaptive defenses

49
Q

What is included in innate defences?

A

Surface barriers and internal defences

50
Q

What is included in surface barriers?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

51
Q

What is included in internal defences?

A

Phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins and fever

52
Q

What is included in adaptive defences?

A

Humoral and cellular immunity

53
Q

What is included in humeral immunity?

A

B cells

54
Q

What is included in cellular immunity?

A

T cells

55
Q

How is innate immunity described?

A

Already in place, rapid (hours), fixed (not much variation in cells), limited specificities (detects molecular components shared by many pathogens), has no specific memory

56
Q

How is adaptive immunity described?

A

Improves during the response, slow (days to weeks), variable, highly specific (detects molecular components specific to individual pathogens, has memory

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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