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HUBS191 > Anatomy & Function of Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Anatomy & Function of Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord start?

A

At the foramen magnum

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2
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

The opening at the base of the skull

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3
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At the inferior border of the 1st lumbar vertebrae so it doesn’t go down the whole spine

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord within?

A

A sac of meninges which fits inside the spinal cavity

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5
Q

What is the spinal cavity within?

A

The vertebrae

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6
Q

Where does the meningeal sac extend to?

A

The coccygeal vertebrae

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7
Q

What is found on the ventral side of the vertebrae?

A

The body

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8
Q

What is found on the dorsal side of the vertebrae?

A

The spinous process

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9
Q

What is the meningeal sac filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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10
Q

What is at the end of the spinal cord?

A

A tapered cone called the conus medularis

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11
Q

What is the conus medularis made of?

A

Non-neural tissue

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12
Q

What extends from the conus medularis to the end of the spinal cavity?

A

Filium terminale

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13
Q

What is the function of the filium terminale?

A

To anchor the spinal cord and prevent the spinal cord moving around

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14
Q

What is the filium terminale made of?

A

Fibrous, non-neural tissue

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15
Q

How many segments of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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16
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

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17
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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18
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

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19
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

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20
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1 pair

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21
Q

What are nerves named by?

A

The vertebrae they exit below

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22
Q

What is the exception to the nerves exiting below the vertebrae they are named after?

A

The first cervical spine nerve exits between the skull and the first cervical vertebrae because there are 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae

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23
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit?

A

At the level appropriate to their origin

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24
Q

What is the space between the ends of the spinal cord and meningeal sac filled with?

A

Nerves

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25
Q

What is the collection of nerves between the end of the spinal cord and meningeal sac?

A

Cauda equina

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26
Q

What is found in the surface of the spinal cord?

A

Indentations called sulcus

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27
Q

Where is the posterior median sulcus?

A

In the middle at the back of the spinal cord

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28
Q

What are deep indentations the spinal cord called?

A

Fissures

29
Q

Where is the anterior median fissure?

A

In the middle at the front of the spinal cord

30
Q

Where is the grey matter (cell bodies) in the spinal cord?

A

They form a butterfly like shape in the middle of the spinal cord

31
Q

Where is the white matter (axons) in the spinal cord?

A

Surrounding the grey matter towards the outside of the spinal cord

32
Q

Where is the central canal found?

A

Running through the centre of the spinal cord

33
Q

Where are dorsal column axons found?

A

Between the two dorsal horns

34
Q

Where are lateral column axons found?

A

Between the dorsal and ventral horns

35
Q

Where are the ventral column axons found?

A

Between the two ventral horns

36
Q

Where is the dorsal horn?

A

The dorsal part of the grey matter of the spinal cord

37
Q

Where is the lateral horn?

A

The small bulge in the grey matter of the spinal cord

38
Q

Where is the ventral horn?

A

The ventral part of the grey matter of the spinal cord

39
Q

What comes out of the dorsal horn?

A

The dorsal nerve root (axons)

40
Q

What is part of the dorsal nerve root?

A

Dorsal root ganglion (cell bodies)

41
Q

What comes out of the ventral horn?

A

The ventral nerve root (axons)

42
Q

What forms the spinal nerve?

A

The ventral and dorsal nerve roots coming together

43
Q

Where does information come into the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal part (from the dorsal nerve root)

44
Q

What information comes into the spinal cord from the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent)

45
Q

Where does information leave the spinal cord?

A

The ventral part (from the ventral nerve root)

46
Q

What information leaves the spinal cord to the PNS?

A

Motor (efferent)

47
Q

What information is carried by the spinal nerve?

A

Both efferent information out of the spinal cord and afferent information into the spinal cord

48
Q

Where are autonomic neurons (cell bodies) found?

A

In the lateral horn of the grey matter in the spinal cord

49
Q

Where are somatic motor neurons (cell bodies) found?

A

In the ventral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord

50
Q

What would happen if there was damage to the cell body in the ventral horn?

A

There would be no command sent to the skeletal muscle

51
Q

What happens if there is damage to the efferent cell bodies?

A

Paralysis of muscles supplied by somatic motor neurons from this spinal cord segment on the same side only

52
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

53
Q

What type of neurons are sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Unipolar and splits into an input and output zone

54
Q

What does the input zone of sensory neurons do?

A

Associates with receptors for sensory stimulus from the PNS

55
Q

What does the output zone of sensory neurons do?

A

Enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots

56
Q

What happens if there is damage to the sensory neuron at the roots end point?

A

sensory information wouldn’t be received

57
Q

What happens if there is damage to the afferent cell bodies?

A

Loss of sensation from regions of the body supplied by sensory neurons from this spinal cord segment on the same side only. Movement can still occur however

58
Q

Why must the spinal nerve split?

A

So that information can get everywhere it needs to

59
Q

What does the dorsal ramus (branch) do?

A

Carry efferent information to the back form the CNS and afferent information from the back to the CNS

60
Q

What does the ventral ramus (branch) do?

A

Carry efferent information to the ventral body and afferent information from the ventral body

61
Q

Wat is rami communicans?

A

Carry sympathetic information and are only present at T1 to L2 vertebrae

62
Q

What are axons covered with?

A

Endoneurium

63
Q

What do endometrium-covered axons bundle together to form?

A

Fascicle

64
Q

What are fascicles covered with?

A

Perineurium

65
Q

What do fascicles bundle together with?

A

Blood vessels

66
Q

What do fascicles and blood vessels bundles together form?

A

Nerves

67
Q

What are nerves covered by?

A

Epineurium

68
Q

What are bundles of axons in the CNS called?

A

A tract

HUBS191 (29 decks)

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