The Normal Cell Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Eukaryotic cells
-May only be multi-celled

T/F

Eukaryotic cells
-May be single or multi-celled

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS

-The nucleus contains DNA (making up less than ___% of its mass) , Protein (nucleoprotein), Ribonucleic acid (RNA) –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Peroxisomes
-Membrane bound organelles similar in size and ultrastructure to ______.
-They contain _______ and _____

lysosomes

oxidases and catalases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oxidase enzyme leads to the production of ___ useful for ______

While

-Catalase enzyme _________ and has a protective effect by _______

H2O2

killing ingested microorganisms.

regulates H2O2 concentration

oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohol.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eukaryotic cell

Within the cytosol, there is a network of
tubules and filaments, collectively known as the _____

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The plasma membrane conforms to a ________ of membrane structure.

fluid mosaic model

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phospholipid layer

Amphipathic or not?

Amphipathic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cholesterol

Amphipathic or not?

Amphipathic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The polar heads of phospholipids are mainly derived from ___ conjugated to a ______ compound such as _____,_____, or _______ via a ______ bridge

glycerol

nitrogenous

choline, ethanolamine or serine

phosphate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The non-polar tail of the phospholipid
molecule consists of ______, each _____ linked to the _____ component of the polar head.

two long-chain fatty
acids

covalently

glycerol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cholesterol molecules are present in the lipid bilayer in an almost ____ ratio with
phospholipids.

1:1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Both the phospholipid and cholesterol
molecules are amphipathic.
T/F

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ molecules make up almost half of the total mass of the phospholipid membrane.

Protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most obvious feature of the cell seen
under the light microscope is ——-

Nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleus accounts for about _____ percent of the cell’s volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In general, an eukaryotic cell has only ____ nucleus. However, some eukaryotic cells are _____ cells (without nucleus), for
example, ______; whereas,
some are multinucleate e.g ______

One

enucleate; red blood cells (RBCs)

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The structure of a nucleus encompasses
____,___,____, and _____

nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm,
chromosomes and nucleolus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The nuclear membrane is a _____-layered structure that encloses the contents of the nucleus

double

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleoplasm, also known as _____, is
the matrix present inside the nucleus

karyoplasm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chromosomes are present in the form of strings of _____ and _____ (protein
molecules) called _____.

DNA and histones

chromatin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Heterochromatin is a (highly or less?) condensed, transcriptionally (active or inactive?) form, mostly
present adjacent to the ______

highly
Inactive

nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ also forms the dense areas in the nucleus

Heterochromatin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Euchromatin is a (delicate or tough?) , (highly or less?) condensed(light or dark?) organization of
chromatin

Delicate
Less
Light

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___chromatin is found abundantly in a transcribing cell (active in RNA synthesis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The principal organelles involved in protein synthesis are the _______ and the ______

nucleus and the ribosomes

Translation takes place in the _____.

cytoplasm

Mitochondria is not Lipid bilayered T/F

F It is

Mitochondria Contain mitochondria DNA T/F

Mitochondrial DNA is ________ inherited

maternally

Mitochondria plays an important role in regulating both _______ and _____

Apoptosis and necrosis

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the enzymes of the ____ folded into _____. This encloses a core ___ space that harbors the bulk of certain ____ enzymes, such

respiratory chain ;cristae matrix; metabolic

Outside the inner mitochondrial membrane is the _________, site of _____, which is, in turn,enclosed by the ______

intermembrane space ATP synthesis outer membrane

Proteins are ____ to attain their _____ structure within the rER, ______ bonds are formed and the ____ steps of _______ take place in the rER.

folded; tertiary intrachain disulphide first glycosylation

Proteins are ______ to attain their _____ structure within the rER, ______ bonds are formed and the _____ steps of ________ take place in the rER.

Folded; tertiary Intrachain disulphide First; glycosylation

The principal functions of the sER are ___________ and _________

lipid biosynthesis membrane synthesis and repair.

The SER in most cells is relatively (sparse or dense?) and primarily exists as the _____ zone from ____ to _________ moving to the _____.

Sparse transition RER; transport vesicles Golgi

SER in the gonads and adrenals DENSE OR SPARSE? With reason

because of steroidogenesis.

The ____ is also responsible for sequestering intracellular calcium

SER

Specialised SER called _____ in the muscle cells is responsible for the release and sequestration of calcium ion responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation respectively

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Proteins synthesised in the rough ER are transported to the Golgi apparatus in coated vesicles which bind to the ___ Golgi network.

cis

In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of proteins, begun in the ______, is completed by sequential addition of ______ and the proteins are packaged into membrane-bound vesicles which detach at the ____ Golgi network and are transported to their final destinations (export).

rER sugar residues trans

Lysosomes contain more than 40 digestive enzymes collectively known as ______(___,____,____,___,____) involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

acid hydrolases proteases, nucleases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases

The ultrastructure of lysosomes shows that they contain _______ material and ________ material.

electron-dense particulate amorphous granular

Who is smaller Lysosomes or peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes have the same enzymes as lysosomes T/F

Peroxisomes’ enzymes contain ____ and ____

Oxidases and catalases

Oxidase enzyme leads to the _________ useful for _________

production of H2O2 killing ingested microorganisms.

Catalase enzyme _______ and has a (protective or destructive?) effect by ___________ such as phenols and alcohol.

regulates H2O2 concentration Protective oxidizing toxic substances

3 major classes of cytoskeleton proteins A. ______ B._________ C.________

Actin micro filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

Actin microfilaments __-___ nm diameter fibrils formed from the ____ protein actin (G-actin)

5- to 9- globular

the most abundant cytosolic protein in cells is _____

G-actin protein

Intermediate filaments ___-nm diameter fibrils that comprise a (small or large?) and (homo or hetero?)geneous family.

10 Large Heterogeneous

Intermediate filaments • Lamin A, B, and C: _______ •Vimentin: ______ cells (e.g fibroblasts, endothelium) • Desmin: ____ cells, forming the scaffold on which __________ • Neurofilaments: _____ of neurons

nuclear lamina of all cells mesenchymal; fibroblasts, endothelium muscle; actin and myosin contract axons

Microtubules are ___-nm-thick fibrils composed of (covalently or non covalently?) polymerized dimers of ____ and ____

25 Non-covalently α- and β-tubulin

Within cells, microtubules can serve as ________ for “ _______ ” proteins that use ____ to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules around cells along microtubules

connecting cables molecular motor ATP

________ have been adapted to form motile cilia (e.gin bronchial epithelium) or flagella (in sperm)

Microtubules

________, an English Physicist was the first to observe and identify the term ‘cell’ in the year ______.

Robert Hooke 1665

Which has peptidoglycan? Which undergoes mitotic division Has DNA with histones Prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic cells have sterols in their cell membrane T/F

F Except for mycoplasmas

The chromatin is further classified into heterochromatin (_______) and euchromatin (_________)

silenced genes gene expressing

Which stains darker? Which has high AT content? Which has high GC content Which has poor genes? Which has rich genes? Which has methylated genes? Hetero or euchromatin

Hetero Hetero Eu Hetero Eu Hetero

The principal organelles involved in protein synthesis are the ______ and _____

nucleus and the ribosomes

Transcription takes place in the __________ Translation takes place in the ______.

Nucleus cytoplasm

Mitochondria Plays a fundamental in regulating both apoptosis and necrosis T/F

Mitochondria membrane is single-layered T/F

F bilayered

Mitochondrial DNA is paternally inherited T/F

F maternally

Mitochondrial DNA is paternally inherited T/F

F Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain folded into _____. •This encloses a core _____ space that harbors the bulk of certain metabolic enzymes, such as the enzymes of the _______. •Outside the inner membrane is the __________(site of _______), which is, in turn, enclosed by the outer membrane

cristae matrix citric acid cycle intermembrane space ATP synthesis

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for synthesis of all the _________ and _______ for plasma membrane and cellular organelles, including ER itself.

transmembrane proteins and lipids

Proteins are folded to attain their ______ structure within the rER, _______bonds are formed and the first steps of _______ take place in the rER.

tertiary intrachain disulphide glycosylation

•These proteins can also be shipped to the Golgi apparatus for _______ ,_____ and ______

modification, sorting and packaging

The principal functions of the sER are __\ biosynthesis, ______ synthesis and repair.

lipid membrane

The sER in most cells is relatively (sparse or dense?) and primarily exists as the ________ from ______ to ________ moving to the Golgi.

Sparse transition zone RER transport vesicles

SER is however in abundance in the ________ and ______ because of ____________.

gonads & adrenals steroidogenesis

The sER is also responsible for sequestering __________ and its subsequent release from the sER into the cytosol can mediate a number of responses to extracellular signals (including _________)

intracellular calcium apoptotic cell death

Specialised sER called ______ in the muscle cells is responsible for the release and sequestration of calcium ion responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation respectively

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The Golgi apparatus consists of _____, _____-shaped membrane-bound _______. The outermost cisternae take the form of a network of tubules known as the _____ and ___ Golgi networks.

stacked; saucer cisternae cis and trans

Proteins synthesised in the rough ER are transported to the Golgi apparatus in coated vesicles which bind to the ___ Golgi network

cis

In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of proteins, begun in the _____, is _____ by sequential addition of sugar residues and the proteins are packaged into membrane-bound vesicles which detach at the ____ Golgi network and are transported to their final destinations (export).

rER completed trans

Lysosomes •These are membrane bound organelles which contain more than 40 digestive enzymes collectively known as ______( ______,_____,____,____,_____) involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

acid hydrolases proteases, nucleases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases

Peroxisomes (microbodies) •Oxidase enzyme leads to ______ useful for _________ •Catalase enzyme _______ and has a protective effect by _________ such as phenols and alcohol. •peroxisomes are gotten from ??

the production of H2O2 killing ingested microorganisms. regulates H2O2 concentration oxidizing toxic substances Mitochondria

The ability of cells to adopt a particular _______, maintain _____, organize the relationship of intracellular organelles, and move about depends on the intracellular scaffolding of proteins called the cytoskeleton •3 major classes of cytoskeleton proteins A. _____ B. _______ C. _______

shape polarity Actin Intermediate filaments Microtubules

__________ are the most abundant cytosolic protein in cells

Actin microfilaments

Intermediate filaments • __-nm diameter fibrils that comprise a (small or large?) and (homogeneous or heterogeneous?) family. • Individual types have characteristic tissue-specific patterns of expression that can be useful for ____________

10 Large Heterogeneous assigning a cell of origin for poorly differentiated tumors.

Ribosomopathies • ________ Anaemia •____ syndrome.

Diamond Blackfan 5q

Diamond black fan anaemia :_____ anaemia, (short or long?) stature. Defects in ___,___ etc

Macrocytic; short RPS 19, 24

5q syndrome: ____ defect. _____ anaemia may progress to AML.

RPS 14 Macrocytic

Leigh syndrome: • mtDNA m.8993T > ___ mutation. Clinical features of _____ in ____ skills etc

G regression motor

Leigh syndrome is a pathology of ———-

Mitochondria

Structural and functional changes of the _______ are associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease etc.

Golgi apparatus

Hereditary stomatocytosis in RBCs: Marked increase of _______ because the cell is unable to regulate ________

intracellular sodium cation homeostasis.

Cystic fibrosis: Mutation in _____ gene leading to production of _____________ which is ___________

CFTR abnormally folded membrane protein degraded by the cell.

WIlson’s disease: Mutation in Wilson disease protein (______) gene. Leads to ________

ATP7B Cu accumulation.

Structural and functional changes of the Golgi apparatus are associated with _________

neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease etc.

Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Inborn errors of metabolism leading to accumulation of substrates in the cells due to defective lysosomal function. E.g. _________,_________

Gaucher’s disease, Niemann Pick disease.