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House AMP > The Normal Cell > Flashcards

The Normal Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells
-May only be multi-celled

T/F

A

F

Eukaryotic cells
-May be single or multi-celled

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2
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS

-The nucleus contains DNA (making up less than ___% of its mass) , Protein (nucleoprotein), Ribonucleic acid (RNA) –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

A

20

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3
Q

Peroxisomes
-Membrane bound organelles similar in size and ultrastructure to ______.
-They contain _______ and _____

A

lysosomes

oxidases and catalases

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4
Q

Oxidase enzyme leads to the production of ___ useful for ______

While

-Catalase enzyme _________ and has a protective effect by _______

A

H2O2

killing ingested microorganisms.

regulates H2O2 concentration

oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohol.

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cell

Within the cytosol, there is a network of
tubules and filaments, collectively known as the _____

A

cytoskeleton

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6
Q

The plasma membrane conforms to a ________ of membrane structure.

A

fluid mosaic model

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7
Q

Phospholipid layer

Amphipathic or not?

A

Amphipathic

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8
Q

Cholesterol

Amphipathic or not?

A

Amphipathic

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9
Q

The polar heads of phospholipids are mainly derived from ___ conjugated to a ______ compound such as _____,_____, or _______ via a ______ bridge

A

glycerol

nitrogenous

choline, ethanolamine or serine

phosphate

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10
Q

The non-polar tail of the phospholipid
molecule consists of ______, each _____ linked to the _____ component of the polar head.

A

two long-chain fatty
acids

covalently

glycerol

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11
Q

Cholesterol molecules are present in the lipid bilayer in an almost ____ ratio with
phospholipids.

A

1:1

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12
Q

Both the phospholipid and cholesterol
molecules are amphipathic.
T/F

A

T

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13
Q

_______ molecules make up almost half of the total mass of the phospholipid membrane.

A

Protein

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14
Q

Most obvious feature of the cell seen
under the light microscope is ——-

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Nucleus accounts for about _____ percent of the cell’s volume

A

10

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16
Q

In general, an eukaryotic cell has only ____ nucleus. However, some eukaryotic cells are _____ cells (without nucleus), for
example, ______; whereas,
some are multinucleate e.g ______

A

One

enucleate; red blood cells (RBCs)

osteoclasts

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17
Q

The structure of a nucleus encompasses
____,___,____, and _____

A

nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm,
chromosomes and nucleolus

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18
Q

The nuclear membrane is a _____-layered structure that encloses the contents of the nucleus

A

double

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19
Q

Nucleoplasm, also known as _____, is
the matrix present inside the nucleus

A

karyoplasm

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20
Q

Chromosomes are present in the form of strings of _____ and _____ (protein
molecules) called _____.

A

DNA and histones

chromatin

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21
Q

The Heterochromatin is a (highly or less?) condensed, transcriptionally (active or inactive?) form, mostly
present adjacent to the ______

A

highly
Inactive

nuclear membrane.

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22
Q

_______ also forms the dense areas in the nucleus

A

Heterochromatin

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23
Q

Euchromatin is a (delicate or tough?) , (highly or less?) condensed(light or dark?) organization of
chromatin

A

Delicate
Less
Light

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24
Q

___chromatin is found abundantly in a transcribing cell (active in RNA synthesis)

A

Eu

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25
Q

The principal organelles involved in protein synthesis are the _______ and the ______

A

nucleus and the ribosomes

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26
Q

Translation takes place in the _____.

A

cytoplasm

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27
Q

Mitochondria is not Lipid bilayered

T/F

A

F
It is

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28
Q

Mitochondria Contain mitochondria DNA

T/F

A

T

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29
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is
________ inherited

A

maternally

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30
Q

Mitochondria plays an important role in regulating both _______ and _____

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

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31
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane
contains the enzymes of the ____
folded into _____.

This encloses a core ___ space that harbors the bulk of certain ____ enzymes, such

A

respiratory chain ;cristae

matrix; metabolic

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32
Q

Outside the inner mitochondrial membrane is the
_________, site of _____,
which is, in turn,enclosed by the ______

A

intermembrane space

ATP synthesis

outer membrane

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33
Q

Proteins are ____ to attain their _____ structure within the rER, ______ bonds are formed and the ____
steps of _______ take place in the rER.

A

folded; tertiary

intrachain disulphide

first

glycosylation

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34
Q

Proteins are ______ to attain their _____
structure within the rER, ______ bonds are formed and the _____
steps of ________ take place in the rER.

A

Folded; tertiary

Intrachain disulphide

First; glycosylation

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35
Q

The principal functions of the sER are ___________ and _________

A

lipid biosynthesis

membrane synthesis and
repair.

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36
Q

The SER in most cells is relatively (sparse or dense?) and primarily exists as the _____ zone from ____ to
_________ moving to the _____.

A

Sparse

transition

RER; transport vesicles

Golgi

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37
Q

SER in the gonads and adrenals

DENSE OR SPARSE?
With reason

A

because of steroidogenesis.

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38
Q

The ____ is also responsible for sequestering
intracellular calcium

A

SER

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39
Q

Specialised SER called _____ in the muscle cells is responsible for the release and
sequestration of calcium ion responsible
for muscle contraction and relaxation
respectively

A

sarcoplasmic
reticulum

40
Q

Proteins synthesised in the rough ER are
transported to the Golgi apparatus in
coated vesicles which bind to the ___ Golgi network.

A

cis

41
Q

In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation
of proteins, begun in the ______, is completed by sequential addition of ______ and the proteins are packaged into membrane-bound vesicles which detach at the ____ Golgi network and are
transported to their final destinations
(export).

A

rER

sugar residues

trans

42
Q

Lysosomes contain more than 40 digestive enzymes collectively
known as ______(___,____,____,___,____)
involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

A

acid hydrolases

proteases,
nucleases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases

43
Q

The ultrastructure of lysosomes shows that they contain _______
material and ________ material.

A

electron-dense particulate

amorphous granular

44
Q

Who is smaller

Lysosomes or peroxisomes

A

Peroxisomes

45
Q

Peroxisomes have the same enzymes as lysosomes
T/F

A

F

46
Q

Peroxisomes’ enzymes contain ____ and ____

A

Oxidases and catalases

47
Q

Oxidase enzyme leads to the _________ useful for _________

A

production of H2O2

killing ingested
microorganisms.

48
Q

Catalase enzyme _______ and has a (protective or destructive?) effect by
___________ such as phenols
and alcohol.

A

regulates H2O2 concentration

Protective

oxidizing toxic substances

49
Q

3 major classes of cytoskeleton proteins
A. ______
B._________
C.________

A

Actin micro filaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

50
Q

Actin microfilaments
__-___ nm diameter fibrils formed from the ____ protein actin (G-actin)

A

5- to 9-

globular

51
Q

the most abundant cytosolic protein in cells is _____

A

G-actin protein

52
Q

Intermediate filaments
___-nm diameter fibrils that comprise a (small or large?) and (homo or hetero?)geneous family.

A

10
Large
Heterogeneous

53
Q

Intermediate filaments

• Lamin A, B, and C: _______
•Vimentin: ______ cells (e.g fibroblasts, endothelium)
• Desmin: ____ cells, forming the scaffold
on which __________
• Neurofilaments: _____ of neurons

A

nuclear lamina of all cells

mesenchymal; fibroblasts, endothelium

muscle; actin and myosin contract

axons

54
Q

Microtubules are ___-nm-thick fibrils composed of (covalently or non covalently?) polymerized dimers of ____ and ____

A

25

Non-covalently

α- and β-tubulin

55
Q

Within cells, microtubules can serve as
________ for “ _______ ” proteins that use ____ to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules around cells along microtubules

A

connecting cables

molecular motor

ATP

56
Q

________ have been adapted to form motile cilia (e.gin bronchial epithelium) or flagella (in sperm)

A

Microtubules

57
Q

________, an English Physicist was the first to observe and identify the term ‘cell’ in the year ______.

A

Robert Hooke

1665

58
Q

Which has peptidoglycan?
Which undergoes mitotic division
Has DNA with histones

Prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes

59
Q

Prokaryotic cells have sterols in their cell membrane

T/F

A

F
Except for mycoplasmas

60
Q

The chromatin is further classified into
heterochromatin (_______) and
euchromatin (_________)

A

silenced genes

gene expressing

61
Q

Which stains darker?
Which has high AT content?
Which has high GC content
Which has poor genes?
Which has rich genes?
Which has methylated genes?

Hetero or euchromatin

A

Hetero
Hetero
Eu
Hetero
Eu
Hetero

62
Q

The principal organelles
involved in protein
synthesis are the ______ and _____

A

nucleus
and the ribosomes

63
Q

Transcription takes place in the __________
Translation takes place in the ______.

A

Nucleus

cytoplasm

64
Q

Mitochondria Plays a fundamental in regulating both apoptosis and necrosis

T/F

A

T

65
Q

Mitochondria membrane is single-layered

T/F

A

F

bilayered

66
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is paternally inherited

T/F

A

F

maternally

67
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is paternally
inherited

T/F

A

F

Mitochondrial DNA
is maternally
inherited

68
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane
contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain folded into _____.
•This encloses a core _____ space that harbors the bulk of certain metabolic enzymes, such as the enzymes of the _______.
•Outside the inner membrane is the
__________(site of _______), which is, in turn, enclosed by the outer membrane

A

cristae

matrix

citric acid cycle

intermembrane space

ATP synthesis

69
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for synthesis of all the _________ and _______ for plasma membrane and cellular organelles, including ER
itself.

A

transmembrane proteins and lipids

70
Q

Proteins are folded to attain their ______ structure within the rER, _______bonds are formed and the first steps of
_______ take place in the rER.

A

tertiary

intrachain disulphide

glycosylation

71
Q

•These proteins can also be shipped to the Golgi apparatus for _______ ,_____ and ______

A

modification, sorting and packaging

72
Q

The principal functions of the sER are __\ biosynthesis, ______ synthesis and
repair.

A

lipid

membrane

73
Q

The sER in most cells is relatively (sparse or dense?) and primarily exists as the
________ from ______ to
________ moving to
the Golgi.

A

Sparse

transition zone

RER

transport vesicles

74
Q

SER is however in abundance
in the ________ and ______ because of ____________.

A

gonads & adrenals

steroidogenesis

75
Q

The sER is also responsible for sequestering __________ and its subsequent release from the sER into the cytosol can mediate a number of responses to extracellular signals
(including _________)

A

intracellular calcium

apoptotic cell death

76
Q

Specialised sER called ______ in the muscle cells is responsible for the release and sequestration of calcium ion responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation respectively

A

sarcoplasmic
reticulum

77
Q

The Golgi apparatus consists of _____,
_____-shaped membrane-bound
_______.

The outermost cisternae take the
form of a network of tubules known as the _____ and ___ Golgi networks.

A

stacked; saucer

cisternae

cis and trans

78
Q

Proteins synthesised in the rough ER are
transported to the Golgi apparatus in
coated vesicles which bind to the ___ Golgi network

A

cis

79
Q

In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of proteins, begun in the _____,
is _____ by sequential
addition of sugar residues
and the proteins are
packaged into membrane-bound vesicles which detach at the ____ Golgi network and are transported to their final destinations (export).

A

rER

completed

trans

80
Q

Lysosomes
•These are membrane bound organelles which contain more than 40
digestive enzymes collectively known as ______( ______,_____,____,____,_____)
involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by endocytosis.

A

acid hydrolases

proteases, nucleases, lipases,
phosphatases, sulfatases

81
Q

Peroxisomes (microbodies)

•Oxidase enzyme leads to ______ useful for _________
•Catalase enzyme _______ and has a protective effect by _________ such as phenols and alcohol.

•peroxisomes are gotten from ??

A

the production of H2O2

killing ingested microorganisms.

regulates H2O2 concentration

oxidizing toxic substances

Mitochondria

82
Q

The ability of cells to adopt a particular _______, maintain _____, organize the relationship of intracellular organelles, and move about depends on the intracellular scaffolding of
proteins called the cytoskeleton
•3 major classes of cytoskeleton proteins
A. _____
B. _______
C. _______

A

shape

polarity

Actin
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

83
Q

__________ are the most abundant
cytosolic protein in cells

A

Actin microfilaments

84
Q

Intermediate filaments
• __-nm diameter fibrils that comprise a (small or large?) and (homogeneous or heterogeneous?) family.

• Individual types have characteristic
tissue-specific patterns of expression that can be useful for ____________

A

10
Large
Heterogeneous

assigning a cell of origin for poorly differentiated tumors.

85
Q

Ribosomopathies

• ________ Anaemia
•____ syndrome.

A

Diamond Blackfan

5q

86
Q

Diamond black fan anaemia :_____ anaemia, (short or long?) stature. Defects in ___,___ etc

A

Macrocytic; short

RPS 19, 24

87
Q

5q syndrome: ____ defect. _____ anaemia may progress to AML.

A

RPS 14

Macrocytic

88
Q

Leigh syndrome:
• mtDNA m.8993T > ___ mutation. Clinical features of _____ in ____ skills etc

A

G

regression

motor

89
Q

Leigh syndrome is a pathology of ———-

A

Mitochondria

90
Q

Structural and functional changes of the _______ are associated with neurodegenerative
diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease etc.

A

Golgi apparatus

91
Q

Hereditary stomatocytosis in RBCs: Marked increase of _______ because the cell is unable to regulate ________

A

intracellular sodium

cation homeostasis.

92
Q

Cystic fibrosis: Mutation in _____ gene leading to production of _____________
which is ___________

A

CFTR

abnormally folded membrane protein

degraded by the cell.

93
Q

WIlson’s disease: Mutation in Wilson disease protein (______) gene. Leads to ________

A

ATP7B

Cu accumulation.

94
Q

Structural and functional changes of the Golgi apparatus are associated with _________

A

neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease etc.

95
Q

Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Inborn errors of metabolism leading to accumulation of substrates in the cells due to defective lysosomal function. E.g.
_________,_________

A

Gaucher’s disease, Niemann Pick disease.

House AMP (65 decks)

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