Renal Pathology II Flashcards
Renal damage: common terms
Azotemia- biochemical abnormality in which there is an elevation of the __________ and _______ levels resulting from __________________
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
decreased glomerular filtration rate [GFR].
Renal damage-common terms
Uraemia- _______ associated with a constellation of signs and symptoms.
The loss of renal ______ function is accompanied by some metabolic and endocrine alterations eg uremic _________, uremic _____________
azotemia
excretory
gastroenteritis
fibrinous pericarditis
Azotemia
________ Azotemia
________ azotemia
________ azotemia
Prerenal
Renal
Postrenal
Azotemia Prerenal Azotemia
– Conditions that lead to _______ of the kidney eg-hypotension, excessive fluid losses, shock, CCF, liver cirrhosis etc.
Postrenal azotemia
– Urine ____________
hypoperfusion
outflow obstruction
Clinical manifestations of renal diseases
These include
_____uria
______uria
______________ syndrome
_________ syndrome
Renal ________
Proteinuria
Hematuria
Acute nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome
Renal failure- acute and or chronic renal failure
Clinical manifestations of renal diseases
These include
______,________, and _______ disorders- Renal tubular defects
Renal _____- from renal stones
_____________- from stones, tumours
________,_________ from pyelonephritis, UTI
Polyuria, nocturia and electrolyte
colic
Obstructive uropathy
Bacteriuria, pyuria
Proteinuria
A condition in which urine contains a ______________.
Urinalysis with ______ is positive for protein. It occurs due to ______ or _______ diseases.
detectable amount of protein
dipstick
glomerular or tubular
Proteinuria
It can result from _______,_______ and chronic ___________, chronic ___________.
Usually asymptomatic until ______________________
diabetes, hypertension
glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis
high levels of protein are lost into urine.
Proteinuria
Urine may appear _______.
____albuminaemia with reduced ___________ leads to _______.
foamy
Hypo; oncotic pressure
oedema
Hematuria
Hematuria is the presence of ___________ in the urine.
It may be gross or microscopic.
It occurs most often due to ________ abnormalities.
It may also be due to a ________ or ________. It is often accompanied by ________.
red blood cells (RBCs)
glomerular
renal stone or tumour
proteinuria
Acute nephritic syndrome
This syndrome includes _______,________ (usually _______ range), ______ GFR, and __________.
It is the classic presentation of ___________________________
hematuria, proteinuria
subnephrotic; diminished; hypertension
acute post- streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Acute nephritic syndrome
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is characterized as a _____________ with __________________ (within hours to days).
nephritic syndrome
rapid decline in GFR
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs most frequently in ______ but it can occur in ______ of any age.
It occurs __________s after a streptococcal infection of the _______ or _______(____)
children; adults
1-4 week
pharynx or the skin (impetigo).
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis- proliferation of _______ and ________ cells as well as _________ infiltration.
By IF, granular deposits of ___,_____,_____ are seen in the ——- and along the _______ .
By EM, _______-shaped subepithelial deposits are seen.
endothelial and mesangial
leukocytic
IgG, IgM and C3
mesangium; basement membrane
hump
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs most frequently in children but it can occur in adults of any age.
It occurs 1-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection of the pharynx or the skin (impetigo).
Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis- proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells as well as leukocytic infiltration.
By IF, granular deposits of IgG, IgM and C3 are seen in the mesangium and along the BM.
By EM, hump-shaped subepithelial deposits are seen.
Nephrotic syndrome
This syndrome is characterized by
– ____________ (more than ___ per day),
– ____________
– ____________
– ____________.
heavy proteinuria
3.5gm
– hypoalbuminaemia
– severe oedema
hyperlipidemia.