Pathology of Fallopian Tubes Flashcards
Inflammations of the fallopian tubes
__________ inflammations
• ________ (60%)
• __________ organism
____________ _____________
Others
• Parasites Schistosomiasis, Enterobiosis
• Fungi Actinomycosis
Suppurative
Gonococci ;Pyogenic
Tuberculous Salpingitis
Ectopic pregnancy is a consequence of (normal or abnormal?) __________ of the _________ ovum (inside or outside?) of the _______.
abnormal implantation
fertilized ovum ; outside
uterus.
Ectopic pregnancy
Occurs in ____% of all pregnancies,
• 95% occurs in the ________________,
• Other sites include: the _______, the pelvic _____, and, rarely, the _______ of the __________ ————.
1% ; fallopian tubes,
the ovary
the pelvic peritoneum
surface of the abdominal organs.
Ectopic pregnancy
If diagnosed in time, the pregnancy can be removed from the __________________ ___________________ally.
• If this is not feasible, the fallopian tube must be ____________ with the ________ and the _________.
distended fallopian tube
laparoscopic
resected together
embryo; placenta
Tumors and cysts of the fallopian tubes
cysts
– Examples are ___________,_____________
• Tumour-like lesions
–_____________
• Tumours
– Benign- _____________ tumours
– Malignant- ______________ associated with ___________ mutations
hydatids of Morgani; Paratubal cysts
Endometriosis
Adenomatoid ; Adenocarcinoma
BRCA 1 mutations
Most cysts of the fallopian tube are of no clinical significance
T/F
T
Ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts are ________-filled cavities lined by ___________ .
• Ovarian cysts are usually (small or large?) , _________ , and cause _________ problems.
fluid ; epithelium.
small; solitary
no clinical problems.
Ovarian cysts
• Majority are ______ cysts.
• Others
– cystic ___________ or
– inclusions of the ________________.
follicular
corpora lutea
surface epithelium
Polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as ________-_______ syndrome, is a hormonal disturbance of the ____________________________________ axis.
Stein- Leventhal syndrome
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-adrenal axis.
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Previously, it was thought that the ________ of the ____________________ was the cause of anovulation, but it is now known that the basic problem in such cases is ________.
fibrosis
superficial cortex
hormonal.
Clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome
Menstrual ________, (_________ and ____________)
Persistent _________ in 40% of cases
_________
Signs of _______, such as ________.
_______ is a major problem.
irregularities; oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea
anovulation; obesity
virilization; hirsutism
Infertility
Poly cystic ovaries
The ovaries of these women contain numerous ————- and show _________________.
follicular cysts
superficial fibrosis
Ovarian tumours
________ tumours are more common.
Benign
Ovarian tumors
In women younger than ____ years old, only 1 in ______ tumours is malignant.
However, in women older than _____ years, 1 in ____ tumours is malignant.
45; 15
50; 3
Ovarian tumours- classification
Tumours of _____________
____________ tumors
_____________________tumors
______ tumours
surface epithelium
Germ cell
Sex cord stromal
Benign
Types Serous tumours
They are typically _______ and filled with ______ serous fluid.
Histologically, they can be _______ , serous ________, _________, or malignant (serous _______________________).
cystic ; clear
benign, serous cystadenomas
borderline ;serous cystadenocarcinomas
Types Serous tumours
These tumours can also be solid
T/F
T
Serous tumors
Approximately ____% of benign and _____% of malignant serous tumors are bilateral.
25
50
Risk factors to Serous tumors
(Poorly or Well?) defined.
Identified only in a minority of cases
• Include ovarian ________,
• _______ cancer syndrome, and
•_____ and _______ gene mutations linked with an increased incidence of _____ cancer.
Poorly
dysgenesis; Familial
BRCA1 and BRCA2
breast
Serous tumor classification
List them
Low- and high -grade serous carcinoma
Serous tumor classification
The low-grade tumors
• have mutations in the ______ or _______ oncogenes, with only rare mutations in ________
KRAS or BRAF
p53.
Serous tumor classification
High Grade tumors
• have high frequency of mutations in the ______ gene but lack mutations in either ________ or ________
p53 ; KRAS or BRAF.
Most BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations are _____-grade serous carcinoma and commonly have _____ mutations.
high
p53
Mucinous tumours
Primary Mucinous tumours rare usually _____lateral.
uni
Primary Mucinous tumours
Associated with ______ mutations
• _______ mucinous _____\ (58%),
• Mucinous _______ tumors (75% to 86%)
• ___________ mucinous carcinomas (85%)
KRAS
Benign mucinous cystadenomas
Mucinous borderline tumors
Primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas
Endometrioid Carcinoma
• (Common or Rare?)
• Arise from —————
• May coexist with ______________________
Rare
endometriosis; endometrial carcinoma