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House AMP > Neoplasia 1 And 2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 And 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Metaplasia in the Cervix:

Normal epithelium
Metaplastic epithelium
Factors that Initiate Metaplasia

A

Simple columnar
Squamous
Low PH, HPV infection

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2
Q

Metaplasia in the urinary bladder:

Normal epithelium
Metaplastic epithelium
Factors that Initiate Metaplasia

A

Urothelium
Squamous
Stones, schistosoma infection

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3
Q

Metaplasia in the stomach:

Normal epithelium
Metaplastic epithelium
Factors that Initiate Metaplasia

A

Simple columnar
Intestinal type with goblet cells
H.pylori

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4
Q

Premalignant lesion: Bronchial dysplasia

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Carcinoma

Bronchus

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5
Q

Premalignant lesion: liver cirrhosis

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver

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6
Q

Premalignant lesion: cervical dysplasia

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Squamous cell dysplasia

Cervix

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7
Q

Premalignant lesion: endometrial hyperplasia

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Endometrial carcinoma

Endometrium

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8
Q

Premalignant lesion: solar keratosis

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Skin

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9
Q

Premalignant lesion: chronic ulcerative colitis villous adenoma of the colon

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Adenocarcinoma

Colon

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10
Q

Premalignant lesion: atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia

Malignancy :

Sites:

A

Gastric carcinoma

Stomach

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11
Q

A neoplasm is ____________ , the growth of which _______________ with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after ______________________ .”

A

an abnormal mass of tissue

exceeds and is uncoordinated

cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

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12
Q

Cancer:

Is the _________________________ that grow beyond __________ and which can then ______________ of the body and spread to other organs” (WHO 2012)

A

Rapid creation of abnormal cells

their usual boundaries

invade adjoining parts

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13
Q

Nowell’s law:

Cancer can be defined as _____________ that have acquired ____________ which confers __________ over normal cells

A

an overgrowth of cells

cumulative genetic damage

growth advantage

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14
Q

Three important characteristics of malignant cells are:??

A

Immortalization
Invasion
Metastasis

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15
Q

Immortalization- Uncontrolled _______

Invasion of _________

Metastasis via _________

A

proliferation

adjacent structures

lymphatics or blood

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16
Q

Differences between Normal and Malignant cells

Contact inhibition
Growth factor secretion
Oncogene expression
Tumor suppression gene

A

Intact; lost

Coordinated; random increase

Rare; increased

Presence; loss

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17
Q

Tumours may be classified based on clinical or morphology characteristics

Clinical classification : based on its morbid anatomy & clinical behaviour
_____
_______

Morphologic classification is based on its cell of origin (using histologic features)
_________
________

A

Benign; Malignant

Epithelial; mesenchyme

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18
Q

Diff. btw benign & malignant Tumour

Spread
Growth rate
Boundaries
Relations
Effects

A

Localized; metastasize

Usually slow; usually rapid

Encapsulated; irregular, no capsule

Compress; invade and destroy

Pressure effect ; destroys leading to death

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19
Q

Benign cells are cancer cells

T/F

A

F

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20
Q

Malignant cells are cancer cells

T/F

A

T

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21
Q

Benign tumor cells can spread by invasion

T/F

A

F

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22
Q

A tumour is made of the _____ and the ____________

A

stroma; neoplastic cells (parenchyma).

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23
Q

Stroma refers to the __________ within which the tumour cells are dispersed

A

connective tissue

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24
Q

The nomenclature of a tumor is based mainly on the _____ component which are the actual tumour cells (cell of origin)

A

parenchymal

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25
Q

Benign mesenchymaL tumours are named by ______________

A

Attaching Oma to their cell of origin

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26
Q

Benign mesenchymaL tumours

Fibroblast → ______.
Bone → ________ .
Fat → ______.

A

fibroma

osteoma

lipoma

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27
Q

Benign mesenchymaL tumours

Blood vessel - > ________.
Peripheral Nerve→_______

Lymph vessel →_____________.

A

haemangioma

Neuroma

lymphangioma

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28
Q

Benign mesenchymaL tumours

Cartilage → ________
Meninges → ________
Smooth muscle → ______
Skeletal muscle → __________

A

chondroma

meningioma

leiomyoma

rhabdomyoma

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29
Q

For benign epithelial tumours,

Papilloma –tumour _____________

Adenoma-tumour forming_______________ or ___________

A

raised above an epithelial surface e.g squamous, transitional

glandular structures or arising from parenchyma organs

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30
Q

For benign epithelial tumours,

Cystadenoma-forming ________________

Papillary cystadenoma- __________

A

glands & cystic spaces e.g ovary

above with papillary

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31
Q

Benign epithelial tumour nomenclature

Nevus- benign tumour of ___________

Trophoblastic tumour – ___________

Polyps- lesion in __________________

A

melanocytes (in the skin)

hydatidiform mole(placenta)

hollow organs raised above mucosa

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32
Q

Intestinal Polyp of the intestine (adenomatous polyp) is not premalignant

T/F

A

F

It is

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33
Q

Malignant mesenchymal tumours are called ________

A

Sarcomas

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34
Q

Cell type —— Malignant mesenchymal

Fibroblast
Lipoblast
Blood vessels
Smooth muscle

A

Fibrosarcoma
Liposarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma
Leimyosarcoma

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35
Q

Cell type —— Malignant mesenchymal

Skeletal muscle
Cartilage
Bone

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma

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36
Q

Malignant epithelial tumours

Adenocarcinomas- form _____________________

Squamous cell carcinoma-arising from a ____________

Melanocarcinoma-from ___________

Choriocarcinoma-malignant tumour of ________

A

glands/arise from a parenchyma organ

squamous epithelium

melanocytes

placenta

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37
Q

Mixed tumours-have _____________________

A

more than one type of neoplastic cells

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38
Q

Mixed tumors

Pleomorphic adenoma – of ________ composed of both ______ and _____ elements

Fibroadenoma –benign tumour of ______ composed of both ______ and _______ components

Wilm’s tumour-malignant tumour of ______ affecting ______

A

salivary gland; epithelial and mesenchymal

breast ; glandular epithelial and fibrous

kidney; children

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39
Q

Differences between carcinoma and sarcoma

Cell type
Stroma
Spread
Metastasis
Hemorrhage and necrosis
Fatality

A

Epithelial; mesenchyma

Abundant; scanty, fleshy

To lymphatics; to blood

Occurs late; occurs early

Less frequent; more frequent

Less fatal; more fatal

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40
Q

Wilm’s tumor : __________________

A

Nephroblastoma

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41
Q

Misnomer terms-

Choriostoma –_______ of _____ tissue in ______ location e.g normal pancreatic tissue in the _______

A

ectopic rest

normal

abnormal

intestinal wall

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42
Q

Misnomer terms-

Harmatoma –mass of ______ but ————— cells _______ to the site

A

disorganized

mature specialized

indigenous

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43
Q

Harmatoma is a true tumor

T/F

A

F

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44
Q

Chroriostoma is a true tumor

T/F

A

F

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45
Q

Misnomer terms-

▪ Seminoma- (benign or malignant?) tumour of the ________

▪ Melanoma-(benign or malignant?) tumour of the _________

A

Malignant ; Testes

malignant; melanocytes

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46
Q

Seminoma

Benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

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47
Q

melanoma

Benign or malignant

A

Malignant

48
Q

Teratomas are tumours which contain —————- derived from ________

A

> 1 neoplatic cell

> 1germ cell layer

49
Q

Origin of teratomas: _________cells in the gonads or in _______ cell rests

A

Toti potential

embryonic

50
Q

All teratomas are malignant

T/F

A

F

Can be classified as matured (benign] and immature[malignant]

51
Q

Common sites of teratomas -

______,
 ______,
_________,
____________

A

ovary; testes; mediastinum

sacrococcygium

52
Q

Special type of teratoma – _________ in the ovary contains _________ tissue

A

struma ovarii

only thyroid

53
Q

Differences btw benign and malignant teratomas

Components are mature or immature
Gross appearance
Prognosis

A

Mature; immature

Cystic; solid

Good; fatal

54
Q

Cancer is a communicable disease

T/F

A

F

non-communicable

55
Q

Cancer also affects the young

T/F

A

T

56
Q

Cancer is the ____ common cause of death in developed countries and among the ______ leading causes of death in developing countries.

A

2nd

three

57
Q

Cancer occurs in (males or females ?) 2xs more than in (males or females?)

A

Females

Males

58
Q

WHO defined Epidemiology as the study of the ______ and ________ of health-related states or events (including disease), and the _______ of this study to the ______ of diseases and other health problem

A

distribution

determinants

application

control

59
Q

Complex diseases are caused by the interaction of ______________

A

genes and environmental factors

60
Q

Complex diseases are also called ______

A

multifactorial

61
Q

Risk factors of cancer-

Hereditary (____ %)-mutation of _____ that are _____ in family

Familial (____%)- _______ and ____factors

Sporadic or acquired (____%)- cancer occurring by chance in general population due to _______ and _____ factors

A

5-10 ; genes; inherited

10-20 ; multiple genes and environmental

70-80 ; lifestyle & environmental

62
Q

Heredity in Cancer: inherited cancer syndromes

Certain cancer genes are inherited as autosomal dominant predisposing individuals to cancer e.g

 ___________,
 ______________,
 _____________,
 __________________ syndrome.

A

retinoblastoma

familial adenomatous polyposis

neurofibromatosis

Multiple endocrine neoplasm(MEN)

63
Q

Heredity in cancer incidence

_____________
_____________
Autosomal ________ of defective DNA repair

A

Inherited cancer syndrome

Familial cancers

recessive syndromes

64
Q

Transmission pattern of familial cancers are clear

T/F

A

F

65
Q

Familial cancers have a specific marker

T/F

A

F

66
Q

Heredity in Cancer : Familial cancers
Multiple genetic mutations, that runs in family
______,
______,
 ______,
 _____
 _____ etc

A

Breast

colon

Ovary

Brain

Stomach

67
Q

Heredity in Cancer: Autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair

Individuals with the following conditions have _______________ and thus ______________

A

defect in ability to repair DNA damage

predisposed to mutation that increase cancer risk

68
Q

Heredity in Cancer: Autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair

 ___________ —————
___________ —————
___________ ——————
_____________ ————

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Bloom’s syndrome,

Fanconi anemia.

Ataxia telengiectasia

69
Q

Difference between hereditary and acquired Cancer Risk factors

Modifiable or not?
Preventable or not?
2 examples each

A

Not; modifiable

Not; preventable

Rb gene, BRCA gene; diet, microorganisms

70
Q

Cancer risk ___eases with increasing age

A

incr

71
Q

certain tumours are seen exclusively in children while others are commonly found in adults

T/F

A

T

72
Q

List 5 Common childhood cancers

A

Retinoblastoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nephroblastoma
Leukemias
Neuroblastomas

73
Q

Environmental Risk factors

Ultraviolet and X-ray can cause __________ cancer

A

Skin, breast, thyroid

74
Q

Environmental Risk factors

Pollution from burning fuels can cause _______ cancer

A

Lungs

75
Q

Environmental Risk factors

Benzene: ______________

Dyes: __________

A

Blood cancer

Bladder cancer

76
Q

Social Risk factors of cancer

Tobacco→cancer of the __________________________

Alcohol→cancer of the _____ ,_______,_______

Obesity or overweight→ ____,_____,_______

A

lungs, mouth, stomach, pancreas, breast, cervix

liver, stomach and breast

breast, colon, womb

77
Q

Social risk factors of cancer

Early exposure to sex→cancer of the ______

Multiple sexual partners→cancer of the ____,______ (through ____ and ______ virus)

A

cervix

cervix, liver

HPV; hepatitis B

78
Q

Inactivity is a social risk factor to cancer!

T/F

A

T

79
Q

Tobacco Kills ___% of its users

A

50

80
Q

Westernized food which is high in animal protein and fat are major risk factors for _______ cancer.

A

colorectal

81
Q

Eating of smoked and salted food in form of ‘barbecue meat’, ‘suya’ or ‘kilishi’ or ‘eran oniyo’, ‘smoked fish’ may also predispose to cancer of the _______.

A

stomach

82
Q

Lack/inadequate intake of fresh fruits and vegetables → _______ cancer

A

colon

83
Q

Aflatoxin from ________ such as _______ is associated with _____ cancer particularly in the presence of ______ virus

A

improperly preserved grains

groundnut

liver

hepatitis B

84
Q

Micro-organisms and Associated Malignant Tumours

Hepatitis B/C virus—

Human Papillomavirus-

Epstein Barr virus-

HIV-

A

Liver cancer

Cervical cancer

Burkitt’s lymphoma; nasopharyngeal cancer

High grade Bcell lymphoma

85
Q

Micro-organisms and Associated Malignant Tumours

Parasite
Schistosoma haematobium

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

86
Q

The risk factors of breast cancer

______ gender
___easing age
_______ relative with breast cancer
abnormal genes (____,_____genes)
____parity
(Early or late?) age at first pregnancy and (shorter or longer?) reproductive span

A

Female
incr
maternal
BRCA 1, BRCA2
nulli
Late
Longer

87
Q

Risk factors of breast cancer

(early or late?) menarche __yrs
(Early or late?) menopause ___yrs

A

Early; <12

Late; >50

88
Q

Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer

T/F

A

T

89
Q

Breastfeeding your babies is a way to reduce risk for breast cancer

T/F

A

T

90
Q

Getting enough sleep is a way to reduce risk for breast cancer

T/F

A

T

91
Q

Predisposing/risk factors to cervical
cancer

 Genital tract ___ infection in >___% of cases
 Early exposure to _______.
 History of ________.
 Cigarette smoking
 Poverty
 Poor nutrition and lack of micronutrients.
 Immune deficiencies (e.g HIV)

A

HPV; 90

sexual intercourse

multiple sexual partners

92
Q

no HPV, no ________’

A

cervical cancer

93
Q

Prostate cancer –risk factors
 _____ race,
 age above ___ years,
 positive ________,
 Obesity
 high fat diet
 high serum _____ levels; the latter being most consistent.

A

Black

40

family history

androgens

94
Q

Cigarette smoking can lead to buerger’s disease

T/F

A

T

95
Q

Willis Definition: “A neoplasm is _____________ .”

A

an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

96
Q

tumors are dependent on the host for their nutrition and blood supply

T/F

A

T

97
Q

Glioma – (Benign or Malignant?) tumor of _____

It (does or does not?) metastasize

A

Malignant

CNS

Does not

98
Q

Sarcomas are fleshy

T/F

A

T

99
Q

List 5 malignant tumors with suffix ‘oma’

A

Hepatoma- liver
Melanoma- melanocytes
Seminoma- testes
Lymphoma- lymph nodes
Mesothelioma- pleural, peritoneal

100
Q

Polyps

It may have a stalk (__________ polyp) or may be without a stalk (_______ polyp).

A

pedunculated

sessile

101
Q

Eponymously named tumors and their cells of origin

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Ewing sarcoma
Grawitz tumor
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Brenner tumor

A

B cell lymphoma
Bone
Renal tubules epithelium
Vascular endothelium
Post-germinal B cells
Epithelium of ovary

102
Q

Embryonal Tumors

Mention 4

A

Retino
Neuro
Nephro
Hepato

103
Q

Common chemical carcinogens

Beta naphthylamine[rubber industry]- _______ Ca
Asbestos-_________

Nitrosamine[beverage,beer] - ____ cancer

Benz pyrene[cigar]- ____ Ca
Aflatoxin B1 [promoter]-_____ Ca
Vinyl chloride- liver haemangiosarcoma Nickel, chromium-____ Ca
Arsenic-_____ cancer

A

bladder
mesothelioma
GIT
lung
liver
lung
skin

104
Q

Diseases caused by H. pylori are: (1) peptic ulcers, (2) gastric _______, and (3) gastric ______.

A

adenocarcinomas

lymphomas

105
Q

Mention a parasite that can cause cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis sinensis

106
Q

Human herpes virus -8 causes _____ cancer
Merkel cell polyoma virus causes ______

A

Kaposi sarcoma
Merkel cell carcinoma

107
Q

tumor suppressor genes

When loss of gene function is caused by damage to a single allele, it is called ———-.

A

haploinsufficiency

108
Q

In Burkitt lymphoma, most common translocation t (__:___)

A

8:14

109
Q

. For example, Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in _______. Balanced reciprocal translocation between long arm of chromosomes _____ and _____ ,

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

9 and 22

110
Q

Deletion is common with ______ genes Example: Deletion of ____ gene (involving chromosome 13q14) is associated with retinoblastoma.

A

tumor suppressor

RB

111
Q

Which is more important, the stage or grade of a tumor

A

Stage

112
Q

Stage—

T1
T2
T3
T4

A

Limited to mucosa and submucosa
Extension into but not through muscularis propria
Invasion of perirectal fat
Invasion of adjacent structures

113
Q

Based on world wide stats, which continents have the most cancer cases

A

Asia, then europe, then north ameriac, then AFRica!!

114
Q

Most common cancer in Nigeria is ??

A

Breast

115
Q

In Africa,___ % of cancer deaths are due to diet, tobacco and infections

A

37

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