Normal Anatomy Of The Lung Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

NORMAL STRUCTURE
• ANATOMY
• Normal adult right lungs weigh ____ to _____ g

•___ lobes on the right separated by ____ fissures (_________________)

375 to 500

3; 2

transverse and oblique

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung
• ANATOMY

• Normal adult left lung is ____ to _____ g
•___ lobes on the left side separated by ___ fissure (___________)

325 to 450

2;1

oblique

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung
• ANATOMY

• From the tracheal bifurcation the smallest bronchi are reached after ________ divisions and

•__________ bronchus from the segmental bronchus after _________ divisions

8 – 13

Terminal

15 – 25

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung
• ANATOMY

• Airways up to ___mm in diameter contains _____ in their wall and those _____mm in diameter lack ______ support and are, therefore, more readily _______ by dynamic airway changes

2; cartilage

<2; cartilaginous

compressed

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung

•________- this is the structural and functional unit of the lung

ACINUS

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung

• The respiratory lobule consist of _____ acini

• It is the portion of the lung, which has ______ on its wall

3 – 4

alveoli

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ACINUS is the part of the lung (proximal or distal?) to terminal, (alveolated or non-alveolated?) bronchioles (terminal bronchioles)

Distal

non-alveolated

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs

• The lungs have (single or double?) blood supply

Double

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs

• The lungs blood supply

_________ arteries and veins

Pulmonary

Bronchial

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs

• Lymphatic drainage

___________ plexus

_______________________ lymph nodes

Subpleurai

Hilar and tracheobronchial

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

ALVEOLAR WALL- consist of delicate ________ and ________ on which rests (thin or thick?) walled capillaries, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, mast cells and occasional lymphocytes

elastic fibres

loose connective tissue

Thin

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

• ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM- consists of _____ types of epithelial cells called ____________

pneumocytes

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES

are (flat or round?) , non-descript and (few or numerous?)
it is covering ____% of respiratory surface)

Flat; numerous

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

• TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES

are _______, project into the _________, have (abundant or little?) _______ potential.

-It is also capable of secreting many ______ that recruits ______ into the alveoli.

globular

alveolar space

abundant ; division

cytokines; macrophages

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Type 2 pneumocytes replace type 1 pneumocytes when they are damaged

T/F

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NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs : HISTOLOGY

PORES OF KOHN:

•are ________ that __________

tiny openings

connect adjacent alveoli in the lungs.

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CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES • Developmental defects of the lungs include:
̧Agenesis or hypoplasia of 1 lung, both lungs or single lobes
̧Tracheal and bronchial abnormalities
̧Vascular anomalies
̧Congenital lobar over inflation (congenital emphysema)
̧Congenital cysts
̧Intralobar and extralobar sequestration

Yeah, here they are

Cram!!

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Developmental defects of the lungs include:

Bilateral/complete Agenesis

Quite (common or rare?) , only about ____ cases in literature
(Compatible or Not compatible?) with life
The _________ tree may terminate blindly at the level of the _______,_______, or _______

Rare; 12

Not compatible

laryngotracheal

larynx, trachea or the main stem bronchi

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Developmental defects of the lungs include:

Bilateral/complete Agenesis

Associated abnormalities include absence of _______ and ______, CVS, GIT, MS and GUS anomalies

bronchial artery and toes

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bilateral/complete agenesis of the lungs

Males are more affected than females

T/F

Males and females are affected equally

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CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧UNILATERAL Pulmonary AGENESIS

̧(Commoner or Rarer?) than bilateral

̧>______ cases have been described

Commoner

165

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CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

UNILATERAL PUL.AGENESIS

̧Life expectancy depends on ____________

̧Existing lung tissue show increased ___________.

other associated anomalies

alveolar density

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CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Hypoplasia of the lungs

̧It reflects _______ development of the lung which is (smaller or larger?) than normal.

•It results from conditions that ________

incomplete

Smaller

restricts lung growths

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CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Hypoplasia of the lungs

It results from conditions that restricts lung growths such as _________,_________, abnormalities of the __________.

oligohydraminous, Potter syndrome

thoracic cage

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>50% of cases of hypoplasia of the lungs have abnormalities of the _______.

thoracic cage

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Hypoplasia of the lungs ___ease in lung _______ and ______

decr volume and weight

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Hypoplasia of the lungs ̧Other causes include congenital _________ hernia, pleural effusion in ________, ________ renal disease, idiopathic ________

diaphragmatic hydrops fetalis polycystic cardiac hypertrophy

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Hypoplasia of the lungs ̧There are 2 groups- ______ and ______

pry & sec hypoplasias

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Hypoplasia of the lungs ̧Primary hypoplasia involves (one or both?) lungs and is associated with _______ and _________

Both oligohydraminos and renal agenesis

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Hypoplasia of the lungs Secondary hypoplasia •may be ________ or _______ lungs. •May appear ______ on gross inspection, but the ———- and _______ are reduced

unilateral or bilateral normal volume and weight

renal agenesis Aka _______________

POTTER SYNDROME

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Pulmonary Isomerism Anomaly of the ________

number of lung lobes

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Pulmonary Isomerism ̧This anomaly may be associated with _______,_______ and/or anomalous ________

situs inversus, asplenia pulmonary drainage

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Accessory Lungs ̧This is an ________ mass of ________ with its own ______ ̧May connect with either the ___________ or ___________

organ-like pulmonary tissue pleural tracheobronchial tree or the foregut

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Tracheal and bronchial abnormalities BRONCHIAL ATRESIA- (mild or severe?) _______ of a bronchus supplying an area of lung tissue

Severe; narrowing

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES BRONCHIAL ATRESIA- ̧Atresia is usually ________

segmental

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Congenital cysts ̧TYPES: ____________ Cysts ___________ Cyst ________________________ Malformation

̧Bronchogenic ̧Lymphangiomatous ̧Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Congenital cysts ̧Found adjacent to the ________ ̧Lining is _______ type with _______ secretions ̧Complicated by _______, lung ______, haemorrhage and ________

bronchus respiratory; mucinous infection; abscess haemoptysis

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Congenital cysts ̧Rupture into the pleural cavity results in _____________ and _________

pneumothorax and interstitial emphysema

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Congenital cysts: Bronchogenic Cysts - are also known as ________________ ̧Can be ______ or _______

foregut duplication. single or multiple

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Congenital cysts: Bronchogenic Cysts They arise from _______ of the __________, approximately 85% are ________ and 15% are ___________

abnormal budding ventral foregut; mediastinal intra- pulmonary

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Congenital cysts: Lymphangiomatous Cyst (Common or Uncommon?) present as respiratory distress in the _______ who rarely survive for more than _______ (Males or Females ?) are more commonly affected

Uncommon newborn; 24 hours Males

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Congenital cysts: Lymphangiomatous Cyst Etiology: ̧ ________ of _______ or _________ ̧Involves (one or both?) lungs ̧______/_______ pattern ̧ ________ pattern of distended lymphatics

Obstruction; venous or lymphatic flow Both normal/honeycomb Lacelike

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Congenital cysts: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation -(Common or Rare?) , associated with __________, ________ and other congenital malformations ̧ It is usually ____lateral and usually involves the _____ lobes

Rare maternal hydraminos; anarsarca uni; lower

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Congenital cysts: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation Microscopically shows an increase in the ___________ structures thrown into ________ which are lined by ________ epithelium

terminal respiratory papillary folds respiratory type

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES Congenital cysts: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation ̧ Cartilage is (present or absent?) and inflammation is (very or not very common?)

Absent Not very common

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Intralobar and extralobar sequestration Pulmonary sequestration is a piece of ____ which lies ________________ but is ____________________

lung within the same pleura as the normal lung not connected to the bronchial tree

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Intralobar and extralobar sequestration ̧Blood supply is from the ________ artery

systemic

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Intralobar sequestration Relatively (common or rare?) (communicates or Does not communicate?) with the trachea-bronchial tree

common Does not communicate

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Intralobar sequestration Usually situated at the __________ of the ______ lobes ̧It can also appear as a ______ mass

posterior basal segment lower solid

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧Intralobar sequestration ̧Microscopically, it consists of ___________ or __________. It is lined by _______ epithelium. The blood supply is not from the __________ arteries but from _______/ ________ / ________ aa

single cavities or group of cysts respiratory pulmonary thoracic; abdominal aorta; intercostal

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧extralobar sequestration Found (inside or outside?) the lungs and could be anywhere in the body such as the ________

Outside abdomen

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES ̧extralobar sequestration Tends to occur more on the (left or right?) Predisposed to ________

Left recurrent infection

NEONATAL ACQUIRED LUNG DISEASES •__________ dysplasia •____________ syndrome •___________ circulation • _________ • _________ •__________ (Beclover gem tutorial )

Broncho-pulmonary Meconium aspiration Persistent foetal Atelectasis Collapse bronchiolitis

ATELECTASIS REFERS TO EITHER ________ OF THE LUNGS OR ________________ LUNGS

INCOMPLETE EXPANSION COLLAPSE OF PREVIOUSLY EXPANDED

ATELECTASIS • Derived from Greek, airless(_________) & ectasis (__________) • It could be _______ or _______

incomplete extension NEONATAL or ACQUIRED

ATELECTASIS • NEONATAL/CONGENITAL The lungs of a child still-born _________ and show fetal or congenital atelectasis

never expand

ATELECTASIS • NEONATAL/CONGENITAL • Often due to _______ caused by _______, congenital _______

obstruction meconium; syphilis

ATELECTASIS • NEONATAL/CONGENITAL • Pathology- the lung is (light or dark?) , (loose or firm?) and (airy or airless?)

Dark Firm Airless

ATELECTASIS • ACQUIRED Atelectasis could be by • - _________ • - _________ • - ________ • - ________

obstruction compression contraction patchy

ATELECTASIS • ACQUIRED Atelectasis by compression, contraction or patchy are referred to as ___________ atelectasis

Non- obstructive

Most common type of atelectasis is ???

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS • This is also known as _______ atelectasis

RESORPTION

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS • Usually due to (complete or incomplete?) obstruction of the airway with subsequent _______ of the air (proximal or distal?) to the obstruction • Resultant _______ leads to inflammation, ________ and secondary __________

complete resorption ; Distal hypoxia exudation of fluid bacterial infection

OBSTRUCTIONATELECTASIS CAUSES: 1.__________ in bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, post operative states 2. _______ bodies 3. Tumours (_____________ syndrome) 4. _________ enlargement (_______ syndrome)

Mucus Plugs Foreign right middle lobe Hilar lymph node ; right middle lobe

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS • COMPLICATIONS: 1.________ with ______ formation 2. Progressive _______

Suppuration; abscess lung fibrosis

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS • CAUSES: 1.________ (air) 2._______ 3._________(pus) 4.___________(blood) 5. Post abdominal operation 6. _______ Or ________ abscess

Pneumothorax Pleural Effusion Empyema Haemothorax Peritonitis or sub-phrenic

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS • CAUSES: Pneumothorax such as following a ruptured _______, _______ injury, fistula between _______ or ________ and chest cavity from cancer (relaxation/passive atelectasis)

bullae penetrating chest stomach or oesophagus

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS CAUSES: Pleural Effusion from ____ or other infections, malignancy, _____ failure, liver ______ (relaxation/passive atelectasis)

TB cardiac cirrhosis

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS • This occurs when the pleural cavity is __________ or ____________.

partially or completely filled up

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS • COMPLICATIONS: 1.____________ 2. __________ 3. lung ______

Inflammation Permanent collapse fibrosis

PATCHY ATELECTASIS This occurs when there is _______________

loss of pulmonary surfactant

PATCHY ATELECTASIS • It is seen in -_______ Disease of the _______ - Adult __________

Respiratory; Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome

PATCHY ATELECTASIS - Also referred to as _______ atelectasis

Adhesive

COMPRESSIONATELECTASIS Aka ________/_______ atelectasis

relaxation/passive

CONTRACTION ATELECTASIS • This occurs in areas of __________ where tissue ______ changes prevents full lung _______

old scar tissue ; fibrotic; expansion

CONTRACTION ATELECTASIS • Diminution of _______ as a sequel of _____________ and usually caused by _______ disease or ________ pneumonia • E.g Tuberculosis

volume severe parenchymal scarring granulomatous; necrotizing

Thoracic cavity has two lateral pleural cavities, containing the _______ and ______ a central compartment, the ________, containing all the other thoracic structures

lungs and pleurae mediastinum

Each lung is surrounded by, and covered with, a __________, which is defined as: the _______ pleura the ________ pleura

continuous membrane visceral parietal

the visceral pleura, which covers the _____ and cannot be _________ the parietal pleura, which lines the ___________

lungs; dissected from the lung pleural cavities

The visceral and parietal pleura are continuous at the ______ of the lung where structures ______________

hilum enter and leave the lung (bronchus, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatics)

The parietal pleura has four named parts: _____ pleura ______ pleura ________ pleura ________ pleura

Costal Mediastinal Diaphragmatic Cervical

The parietal pleura has four named parts: Costal pleura lining the _______ of the _____ Mediastinal pleura covering the _____ of the _________ Diaphragmatic pleura covering the ————- of the ____________ Cervical pleura-a _____ of pleura extending _____ into the ________

internal surface ; thoracic wall sides; mediastinum superior surface ; dome of each hemidiaphragm dome; superiorly; superior thoracic aperture