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House AMP > Normal Anatomy Of The Lung > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy Of The Lung Flashcards

1
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE
• ANATOMY
• Normal adult right lungs weigh ____ to _____ g

•___ lobes on the right separated by ____ fissures (_________________)

A

375 to 500

3; 2

transverse and oblique

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2
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung
• ANATOMY

• Normal adult left lung is ____ to _____ g
•___ lobes on the left side separated by ___ fissure (___________)

A

325 to 450

2;1

oblique

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3
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung
• ANATOMY

• From the tracheal bifurcation the smallest bronchi are reached after ________ divisions and

•__________ bronchus from the segmental bronchus after _________ divisions

A

8 – 13

Terminal

15 – 25

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4
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung
• ANATOMY

• Airways up to ___mm in diameter contains _____ in their wall and those _____mm in diameter lack ______ support and are, therefore, more readily _______ by dynamic airway changes

A

2; cartilage

<2; cartilaginous

compressed

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5
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung

•________- this is the structural and functional unit of the lung

A

ACINUS

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6
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lung

• The respiratory lobule consist of _____ acini

• It is the portion of the lung, which has ______ on its wall

A

3 – 4

alveoli

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7
Q

ACINUS is the part of the lung (proximal or distal?) to terminal, (alveolated or non-alveolated?) bronchioles (terminal bronchioles)

A

Distal

non-alveolated

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8
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs

• The lungs have (single or double?) blood supply

A

Double

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9
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs

• The lungs blood supply

_________ arteries and veins

_________ arteries and veins

A

Pulmonary

Bronchial

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10
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs

• Lymphatic drainage

___________ plexus

_______________________ lymph nodes

A

Subpleurai

Hilar and tracheobronchial

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11
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

ALVEOLAR WALL- consist of delicate ________ and ________ on which rests (thin or thick?) walled capillaries, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, mast cells and occasional lymphocytes

A

elastic fibres

loose connective tissue

Thin

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12
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

• ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM- consists of _____ types of epithelial cells called ____________

A

2

pneumocytes

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13
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES

  • are (flat or round?) , non-descript and (few or numerous?)
  • it is covering ____% of respiratory surface)
A

Flat; numerous

95

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14
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs: HISTOLOGY

• TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES

  • are _______, project into the _________, have (abundant or little?) _______ potential.

-It is also capable of secreting many ______ that recruits ______ into the alveoli.

A

globular

alveolar space

abundant ; division

cytokines; macrophages

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15
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes replace type 1 pneumocytes when they are damaged

T/F

A

T

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16
Q

NORMAL STRUCTURE of the lungs : HISTOLOGY

PORES OF KOHN:

•are ________ that __________

A

tiny openings

connect adjacent alveoli in the lungs.

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17
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES • Developmental defects of the lungs include:
̧Agenesis or hypoplasia of 1 lung, both lungs or single lobes
̧Tracheal and bronchial abnormalities
̧Vascular anomalies
̧Congenital lobar over inflation (congenital emphysema)
̧Congenital cysts
̧Intralobar and extralobar sequestration

A

Yeah, here they are

Cram!!

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18
Q

Developmental defects of the lungs include:

Bilateral/complete Agenesis

  • Quite (common or rare?) , only about ____ cases in literature
  • (Compatible or Not compatible?) with life
  • The _________ tree may terminate blindly at the level of the _______,_______, or _______
A

Rare; 12

Not compatible

laryngotracheal

larynx, trachea or the main stem bronchi

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19
Q

Developmental defects of the lungs include:

Bilateral/complete Agenesis

  • Associated abnormalities include absence of _______ and ______, CVS, GIT, MS and GUS anomalies
A

bronchial artery and toes

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20
Q

bilateral/complete agenesis of the lungs

Males are more affected than females

T/F

A

F

Males and females are affected equally

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21
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧UNILATERAL Pulmonary AGENESIS

̧(Commoner or Rarer?) than bilateral

̧>______ cases have been described

A

Commoner

165

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22
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

UNILATERAL PUL.AGENESIS

̧Life expectancy depends on ____________

̧Existing lung tissue show increased ___________.

A

other associated anomalies

alveolar density

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23
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Hypoplasia of the lungs

̧It reflects _______ development of the lung which is (smaller or larger?) than normal.

•It results from conditions that ________

A

incomplete

Smaller

restricts lung growths

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24
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Hypoplasia of the lungs

It results from conditions that restricts lung growths such as _________,_________, abnormalities of the __________.

A

oligohydraminous, Potter syndrome

thoracic cage

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25
Q

> 50% of cases of hypoplasia of the lungs have abnormalities of the _______.

A

thoracic cage

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26
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Hypoplasia of the lungs

___ease in lung _______ and ______

A

decr

volume and weight

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27
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Hypoplasia of the lungs

̧Other causes include congenital _________ hernia, pleural effusion in ________, ________ renal disease, idiopathic ________

A

diaphragmatic

hydrops fetalis

polycystic
cardiac hypertrophy

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28
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Hypoplasia of the lungs

̧There are 2 groups- ______ and ______

A

pry & sec hypoplasias

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29
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Hypoplasia of the lungs

̧Primary hypoplasia involves (one or both?) lungs and is associated with _______ and _________

A

Both

oligohydraminos and renal agenesis

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30
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Hypoplasia of the lungs

Secondary hypoplasia

•may be ________ or _______ lungs.

•May appear ______ on gross inspection, but the ———- and _______ are reduced

A

unilateral or bilateral

normal

volume and weight

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31
Q

renal agenesis

Aka

_______________

A

POTTER SYNDROME

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32
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Pulmonary Isomerism

Anomaly of the ________

A

number of lung lobes

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33
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Pulmonary Isomerism

̧This anomaly may be associated with _______,_______ and/or anomalous ________

A

situs inversus, asplenia

pulmonary drainage

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34
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Accessory Lungs

̧This is an ________ mass of ________ with its own ______

̧May connect with either the ___________ or ___________

A

organ-like

pulmonary tissue

pleural

tracheobronchial tree or the foregut

35
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Tracheal and bronchial abnormalities

BRONCHIAL ATRESIA- (mild or severe?) _______ of a bronchus supplying an area of lung tissue

A

Severe; narrowing

36
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

BRONCHIAL ATRESIA-

̧Atresia is usually ________

A

segmental

37
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Congenital cysts
̧TYPES:
____________ Cysts
___________ Cyst
________________________ Malformation

A

̧Bronchogenic

̧Lymphangiomatous

̧Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid

38
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Congenital cysts

̧Found adjacent to the ________

̧Lining is _______ type with _______ secretions

̧Complicated by _______, lung ______, haemorrhage and ________

A

bronchus

respiratory; mucinous

infection; abscess

haemoptysis

39
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Congenital cysts

̧Rupture into the pleural cavity results in _____________ and _________

A

pneumothorax and interstitial emphysema

40
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Congenital cysts: Bronchogenic Cysts

  • are also known as ________________

̧Can be ______ or _______

A

foregut duplication.

single or multiple

41
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

̧Congenital cysts: Bronchogenic Cysts

They arise from _______ of the __________, approximately 85% are ________ and 15% are ___________

A

abnormal budding

ventral foregut; mediastinal

intra- pulmonary

42
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Congenital cysts: Lymphangiomatous Cyst

(Common or Uncommon?)

present as respiratory distress in the _______ who rarely survive for more than _______

(Males or Females ?) are more commonly affected

A

Uncommon

newborn; 24 hours

Males

43
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Congenital cysts: Lymphangiomatous Cyst

Etiology:

̧ ________ of _______ or _________

̧Involves (one or both?) lungs

̧______/_______ pattern

̧ ________ pattern of distended lymphatics

A

Obstruction; venous or lymphatic flow

Both

normal/honeycomb

Lacelike

44
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Congenital cysts: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

-(Common or Rare?) , associated with __________, ________ and other congenital malformations

̧ It is usually ____lateral and usually involves the _____ lobes

A

Rare

maternal hydraminos; anarsarca

uni; lower

45
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Congenital cysts: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

Microscopically shows an increase in the ___________ structures thrown into ________ which are lined by ________ epithelium

A

terminal respiratory

papillary folds

respiratory type

46
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES

Congenital cysts: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

̧ Cartilage is (present or absent?) and inflammation is (very or not very common?)

A

Absent

Not very common

47
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧Intralobar and extralobar sequestration

Pulmonary sequestration is a piece of ____ which lies ________________ but is ____________________

A

lung

within the same pleura as the normal lung

not connected to the bronchial tree

48
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧Intralobar and extralobar sequestration

̧Blood supply is from the ________ artery

A

systemic

49
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧Intralobar sequestration

Relatively (common or rare?)

(communicates or Does not communicate?) with the trachea-bronchial tree

A

common

Does not communicate

50
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧Intralobar sequestration

Usually situated at the __________ of the ______ lobes

̧It can also appear as a ______ mass

A

posterior basal segment

lower

solid

51
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧Intralobar sequestration

̧Microscopically, it consists of ___________ or __________. It is lined by _______ epithelium.

The blood supply is not from the __________ arteries but from _______/ ________ / ________ aa

A

single cavities or group of cysts

respiratory

pulmonary

thoracic; abdominal aorta; intercostal

52
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧extralobar sequestration

Found (inside or outside?) the lungs and could be anywhere in the body such as the ________

A

Outside

abdomen

53
Q

CONGENITAL LUNG ANOMALIES
̧extralobar sequestration

Tends to occur more on the (left or right?)

Predisposed to ________

A

Left

recurrent infection

54
Q

NEONATAL ACQUIRED LUNG DISEASES

•__________ dysplasia
•____________ syndrome
•___________ circulation
• _________
• _________
•__________ (Beclover gem tutorial )

A

Broncho-pulmonary

Meconium aspiration

Persistent foetal

Atelectasis

Collapse

bronchiolitis

55
Q

ATELECTASIS

REFERS TO EITHER ________ OF THE LUNGS OR ________________ LUNGS

A

INCOMPLETE EXPANSION

COLLAPSE OF PREVIOUSLY EXPANDED

56
Q

ATELECTASIS

• Derived from Greek, airless(_________) & ectasis (__________)

• It could be _______ or _______

A

incomplete

extension

NEONATAL or ACQUIRED

57
Q

ATELECTASIS
• NEONATAL/CONGENITAL

The lungs of a child still-born _________ and show fetal or congenital atelectasis

A

never expand

58
Q

ATELECTASIS
• NEONATAL/CONGENITAL

• Often due to _______ caused by _______, congenital _______

A

obstruction

meconium; syphilis

59
Q

ATELECTASIS
• NEONATAL/CONGENITAL

• Pathology- the lung is (light or dark?) , (loose or firm?) and (airy or airless?)

A

Dark

Firm

Airless

60
Q

ATELECTASIS
• ACQUIRED Atelectasis could be by

• - _________
• - _________
• - ________
• - ________

A

obstruction

compression

contraction

patchy

61
Q

ATELECTASIS
• ACQUIRED Atelectasis by compression, contraction or patchy

are referred to as ___________ atelectasis

A

Non- obstructive

62
Q

Most common type of atelectasis is ???

A

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS

63
Q

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS

• This is also known as _______ atelectasis

A

RESORPTION

64
Q

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS

• Usually due to (complete or incomplete?) obstruction of the airway with subsequent _______ of the air (proximal or distal?) to the obstruction

• Resultant _______ leads to inflammation, ________ and secondary __________

A

complete

resorption ; Distal

hypoxia

exudation of fluid

bacterial infection

65
Q

OBSTRUCTIONATELECTASIS

CAUSES:

1.__________ in bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, post operative states
2. _______ bodies
3. Tumours (_____________ syndrome)
4. _________ enlargement (_______ syndrome)

A

Mucus Plugs

Foreign

right middle lobe

Hilar lymph node ; right middle lobe

66
Q

OBSTRUCTION ATELECTASIS
• COMPLICATIONS:

1.________ with ______ formation

  1. Progressive _______
A

Suppuration; abscess

lung fibrosis

67
Q

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS

• CAUSES:
1.________ (air)
2._______
3._________(pus)
4.___________(blood)
5. Post abdominal operation
6. _______ Or ________ abscess

A

Pneumothorax

Pleural Effusion

Empyema

Haemothorax

Peritonitis or sub-phrenic

68
Q

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS

• CAUSES:

Pneumothorax such as following a ruptured _______, _______ injury, fistula between _______ or ________ and chest cavity from cancer (relaxation/passive atelectasis)

A

bullae

penetrating chest

stomach or oesophagus

69
Q

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS

CAUSES:

Pleural Effusion from ____ or other infections, malignancy, _____ failure, liver ______ (relaxation/passive atelectasis)

A

TB

cardiac

cirrhosis

70
Q

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS
• This occurs when the pleural cavity is __________ or ____________.

A

partially or completely filled up

71
Q

COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS
• COMPLICATIONS:

1.____________

  1. __________
  2. lung ______
A

Inflammation

Permanent collapse

fibrosis

72
Q

PATCHY ATELECTASIS

This occurs when there is _______________

A

loss of pulmonary surfactant

73
Q

PATCHY ATELECTASIS

• It is seen in
-_______ Disease of the _______
- Adult __________

A

Respiratory; Newborn

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

74
Q

PATCHY ATELECTASIS

  • Also referred to as _______ atelectasis
A

Adhesive

75
Q

COMPRESSIONATELECTASIS

Aka ________/_______ atelectasis

A

relaxation/passive

76
Q

CONTRACTION ATELECTASIS

• This occurs in areas of __________ where tissue ______ changes prevents full lung _______

A

old scar tissue ; fibrotic; expansion

77
Q

CONTRACTION ATELECTASIS

• Diminution of _______ as a sequel of _____________ and usually caused by _______ disease or ________ pneumonia

• E.g Tuberculosis

A

volume

severe parenchymal scarring

granulomatous; necrotizing

78
Q

Thoracic cavity has two lateral pleural cavities, containing the _______ and ______

a central compartment, the ________, containing all the other thoracic structures

A

lungs and pleurae

mediastinum

79
Q

Each lung is surrounded by, and covered with, a __________, which is defined as:
the _______ pleura
the ________ pleura

A

continuous membrane

visceral

parietal

80
Q

the visceral pleura, which covers the _____ and cannot be _________

the parietal pleura, which lines the ___________

A

lungs; dissected from the lung

pleural cavities

81
Q

The visceral and parietal pleura are continuous at the ______ of the lung where structures ______________

A

hilum

enter and leave the lung (bronchus, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatics)

82
Q

The parietal pleura has four named parts:

_____ pleura
______ pleura
________ pleura
________ pleura

A

Costal

Mediastinal

Diaphragmatic

Cervical

83
Q

The parietal pleura has four named parts:

Costal pleura lining the _______ of the _____

Mediastinal pleura covering the _____ of the _________

Diaphragmatic pleura covering the ————- of the ____________

Cervical pleura-a _____ of pleura extending _____ into the ________

A

internal surface ; thoracic wall

sides; mediastinum

superior surface ; dome of each hemidiaphragm

dome; superiorly; superior thoracic aperture

House AMP (66 decks)

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