Bacterial Pneumoniae Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory tract infections are more frequent than infection of any other organ in the body.

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

Bacterial pneumonia and complications

Pneumonia can be defined as any ______ of the _______.

A

infection

lung parenchyma

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3
Q

Bacterial pneumonia and complications

Pneumonia results when the _______ are impaired or whenever ______ of the host is lowered

A

defense mechanisms

resistance

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4
Q

Factors affecting resistance of host includes:

(acute or chronic?) diseases,
________ deficiency,
treatment with ________ drugs
_____penia,
unusually _____ infections.

A

Chronic

immunologic

immunosuppressive

leuco

virulent

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5
Q

Airways clearing mechanism could be impaired following:

loss of _____ reflex

injured _______ apparatus

interference with _________ of ________ action of alveolar macrophages

pulmonary _______ and ________

accumulation of ________

A

cough

mucociliary

phagocytic or bactericidal

congestion and oedema

secretion

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6
Q

loss of cough reflex (______,______\, drugs, ________ disorder or chest pain)

injured mucociliary apparatus (cigarette smoke, ______ gases, _________ syndrome)

A

coma, anaesthesia

neuromuscular

Corrosive ; immotile cilia

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7
Q

interference with phagocytic or bactericidal action of alveolar macrophages (alcohol, tobacco smoke, _______ or _______________)

accumulation of secretion (_______ and __________)

A

anoxia, or oxygen intoxication

cystic fibrosis and bronchial obstruction

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8
Q

one type of pneumonia predisposes to another type

T/F

A

T

one type of pneumonia predisposes to another type PARTICULARLY in debilitated patients.

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9
Q

The portal of entry for most pneumonia is __________ and many chronic diseases acquire _______ pneumonia.

A

respiratory tract

terminal

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10
Q

Classification of pneumonia based on clinical settings

___________ acquired ____ pneumonia
____________ acquired ____ pneumonia
_______ Pneumonia
___________ pneumonia
_________ pneumonia
_________ Pneumonia and Lung Abscess
Pneumonia in _____________

A

Community; acute

Community; atypical

Nosocomial

Aspiration

Chronic

Necrotizing

Immunocompromised host

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11
Q

Community – Acquired Acute Pneumonia

____________
______________
__________________
___________
______________
 Enterobacteriaceae (________ sp.)

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenza

Moraxella catarrhalis

Staphylococcus aureus

Legionella pneumophilia

kliebsiella

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12
Q

B. Community-Acquired Atypical Pneumonia
_________ pneumoniae
_________ spp (c. pneumonae, c. psittaci, c.
trachmatis)
 Coxiella burnetti (__-fever)
 Viruses (_________ virus, ______ virus, _______ A and B, ____virus, _____ virus)

A

Mycoplasma

Chlamydia

Q

Respiratory syntical; parainfluenza

influenza; SARS; adeno

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13
Q

Nosocomial Pneumonia

 Gram-________ rods belonging to ________

_______________

A

negative; enterobacteriaeciae

Staphyllococus aureus

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14
Q

• Bacterial infection typically follows an ——————- infection.

A

upper respiratory tract viral

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15
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

• Risk factors include

:-________ of ages

•(acute or Chronic?) diseases

•Congenital or acquired __________

Decreased or absent ________ (SCD or post splenectomy)

A

Extreme

Chronic

immune deficiencies

splenic function

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16
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

The alveoli are filled with ___________, thus causing ________ of the lung tissue.

A

inflammatory exudates

consolidation

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17
Q

_________ pneumonia –

• It is the most common cause of community- acquired acute pneumonia.

A

Streptococcus

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18
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia –

• Although it responds to _______-based treatment, ________ should be performed prior to drug administration.

A

penicillin; antibiotic sensitivity

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19
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia –

• Examination of gram stained _____ shows numerous bacteria containing ______-shaped ___________.

A

sputum

lancet

diplococci

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20
Q

Pneumococcal vaccines are available for the high risk patients.

T/F

A

T

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21
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

• It is a pleomorphic, gram-________ bacteria.

• It is a major cause of life-threatening (acute or chronic?) (upper or lower?) respiratory tract infections and _______ in young children.

A

negative

Acute ; lower

meningitis

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22
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

• It is a common cause of _____-acquired pneumonia in (children or adults?) .

A

community

adults

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23
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

• The bacterium has _____ on its surface that facilitates binding to the respiratory _____ and produces ______ that degrades _______.

A

pilli

epithelium

protease

IgA

24
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

has a capsule that prevents ________ by ________ and ______ by host cells.

A

opsonization

complements

phagocytosis

25
Haemophilus Influenzae – It causes _____ media, _____, and ______pneumonia. • It is also a common cause of _________ before the advent of vaccine. • In older adults, it may cause septicaemia, endocarditis, pyelonephritis, cholecystitis and suppurative arthritis.
otitis; sinusitis; broncho suppurative meningitis
26
___________________– The organism is also the commonest cause of acute exacerbation of COPD.
Haemophilus Influenzae
27
Moraxella Catarrhalis – • Along with the ________ and _______, it is one of the three most common cause of _______ in children.
Streptococcus and Haemophilus otitis media
28
Moraxella Catarrhalis – • It is the (first, second , or third?) most common cause of acute exacerbation of COPD.
Second
29
___________________– • It is the most frequent cause of gram-negative bacteria pneumonia.
Kliebsiella Pneumoniae
30
Kliebsiella Pneumoniae It afflicts _______ and ———— people (particularly _________).
debilitated and malnourished alcoholics
31
Psuedomonas Aeruginosa – • It causes _______ infection. • It is frequently associated with _______ and _______ patients.
nosocomial cystic fibrosis and neutropenic
32
Legionella Pneumophilia – • It is an agent of ________ disease. • It flourishes in _______ environment.
Legionnaires aquatic
33
Legionella Pneumophilia – • It is commonly seen in patients with cardiac, renal, immunologic and haematologic diseases. T/F
T
34
Two gross pattern are recognized in bacterial pneumonia - _________ ———- pneumonia and ______ pneumonia
lobular; broncho lobar
35
Lobar pneumonia is a/an (acute or chronic?) bacterial infection resulting in _________ ———— of a (small or large?) portion of a lobe or _________.
Acute fibrinosupurative consolidation Large an entire lobe
36
Four stages are recognized in lobar pneumonia, _________ ____________ ___________ ____________
Congestion red hepatization gray hepatization resolution.
37
Stages of lobar pneumonia In congestive stage, the lung is (light or heavy?) , ______ and (white or red?) . There is vascular ________, _______fluid with few _______ and numerous ______.
Heavy Boggy; red engorgement intra alveolar neutrophils; bacteria
38
Stages of lobar pneumonia Red hepatization is characterized by massive ____________ with _____,_____,______ filling the alveolar spaces. The lobes appear (airy or airless?) , (white or red?) and (loose or firm?) with a _______-like consistency, hence the term hepatization.
confluent exudation red cells, neutrophils and fibrin Airless; red ; firm liver
39
Stages of lobar pneumonia Gray hepatization follows with progressive ________________ and the persistence of _____________ producing a ______________, (wet or dry?) surface.
disintegration of red cells fibrosuppurative exudates graying brown Dry
40
Stages of lobar pneumonia The final stage is _______ in which the ______ within the alveoli undergoes progressive _______ to produce a __________ ingested by ________.
resolution; exudates enzymatic digestion granular debri; macrophages
41
In the resolution stage of lobar pneumonia, _________ reaction to the underlying _______ may be present (pleuritis).
Pleural fibrinous inflammation
42
Bronchopneumonia  produces _______ of ______ of acute suppurative inflammation.  It may involve _____ but it is normally _________ and frequently ______ and _______
patchy areas consolidation one lobe; multilobar bilateral and basal.
43
Bronchopneumonia It appears as slightly (elevated or depressed?) , (wet or dry?) , granular, _______ to _____ lesion with (poorly or well?) delimited margin.
Elevated Dry; gray-red to yellow Poorly
44
Bronchopneumonia The histology shows ___________ – rich exudates that fill the bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent alveolar spaces.
neutrophil
45
Complication of Pneumonia ________ formation – common with type ____ pneumonia &________. ________  organization - convert part of a lung to _________  ________ dissemination – heart valve, pericardium, brain, kidneys, joints, spleen.
Abscess; 3; Kliebsiella empyema solid form bacteraemic
46
Pneumonia: Clinical Course  abrupt onset of (low or high?) fever, chills _____ productive of _____ sputum ___________ occasionally
High cough; mucopurulent haemoptysis
47
Complication of Pneumonia ______ formation ________ ______________
Abscess organization bacteraemic dissemination
48
Three patterns of pneumoniae • ______ •_________ •___________
Lobar Bronchopneumonia Interstitial (atypical)
49
Lobar Pneumonia • Bacteria acquired in ______ •__________ to alveolus • Enter alveolar type ___ cells • Pneumococci multiply in alveolus • Invade ________ • Pass from one alveolus to next through the __________ •________/_________ of lobes
nasopharynx Aerosolized II; alveolar epithelium pores of Cohn Inflammation/consolidation
50
Lobar Pneumonia Can involve entire lung T/F
T
51
Answer with either stage ,1,2,3,or 4 Pneumococci alive Alveolar capillaries dilate Lobes look red Gray, firm lobe Enzymes digests exudate Dying pneumococci RBCs disintegrate Return to normal Exudate of bacteria develops
2 1 2 3 4 3 3 4 1
52
Interstitial Pneumonia • Inflammatory infiltrate of _________ only • More (indolent or aggressive ?) course
alveolar walls indolent
53
Atypical Pneumonia Respiratory distress is (common or rare?) ___________ on chest X-Ray “_________ pneumonia”
Rare Interstitial infiltrates Walking
54
E. coli is a more common cause of adult or neonate pneumonia
Neonate
55
Group B strep is a more common cause of adult or neonate pneumonia
Neonate
56
Bad bugs cause ______ class of pneumonia
Nosocomial acquired
57
Community Acquired PNA Uncomplicated No ________ No recent ______ Low community rates resistance Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Doxycycline _______ to _______ course Patient should be afebrile 48-72 hrs and clinically stable
co-morbidities antibiotic use Low ; Three to five day