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House AMP > Immunopathology 1 > Flashcards

Immunopathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The body must defend itself against infections, organisms and maintain its identity by means of nonspecific defense mechanisms ( _______ ) and
specific defense mechanisms ( _______ )

A

resistance

immunity

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2
Q

The task of the immune system is the body’s ability to distinguish between
_______ substances (“___ ”) and _______ substances (“______”).

This system can be subdivided into two different families of cells,
the _____ and ______

A

autologous; self

exogenous; non-self

B and T lymphocytes.

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3
Q

The B cells are responsible for _____ immunity.

A

humoral

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4
Q

B cells

Their effector mechanism consists of the ______ they produce , which are supported by a ____________

A

antibodies

system of complements activated in a cascade.

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5
Q

B cells

Their effectiveness is attributable to the ______ they generate and to ______ among them

A

cytokines

killer cells

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6
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Here the organism responds to _____ contact with _________ and to which it is ______

A

renewed

an antigen that it already knows

hypersensitive

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7
Q

Effectors and description of the hypersensitivity reactions

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4

A

Immediate ; IgE
Cytotoxic ; IgG and IgM
Immune; IgG and IgM
Delayed; Tcells

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8
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

In these disorders, the body _____________

Accordingly, autoreactive ______ or autoreactive ______ that attack autologous substrates are crucial elements in the pathogenesis of these disorders

A

violates the protection of its own identity and attacks itself.

antibodies; lymphocytes

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9
Q

IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES

These disorders are attributable to a _________ response to various antigen stimuli.

A

deficient immune

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10
Q

In immunodeficiency diseases

Congenital B-cell defects are clinically conspicuous because of the ______________ that they involve.
In contrast, primary T-cell defects leave the patient unprotected against _____________

A

reduced resistance to bacterial infection

viruses and fungi.

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11
Q

IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES

Patients with a combined B cell and T-cell deficiency are __________

A

poor candidates for survival.

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12
Q

Among the acquired immunodeficiency disorders, _______ due to ___________ of a plasma cell clone and ____ due to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) warrant special mention.

A

gammopathy

neoplastic proliferation

AIDS

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13
Q

Innate immunity

It is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection occurring ______ after exposure to an antigen

A

immediately or within several hours

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14
Q

Innate immune responses are as powerful as adaptive immune responses in combating infections

A

F

Innate immune responses are not as powerful as adaptive immune responses

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15
Q

Innate immune responses improve with repeated exposure to a given infection

T/F

A

F

Innate immune responses do not improve with repeated exposure to a given infection

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16
Q

Innate immunity

-is present after infection
-mounted in response to infection
- recognizes every possible antigen.

A

F. Before
F. Not
F. Doesn’t

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17
Q

Innate immunity

Designed to recognize ___________ molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms but are not ___________.

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS),

found in mammalian cells

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18
Q

PAMPs are not found on _________ alone but __________ hence, they are also called ________

A

pathogenic microbes

all microbes of the specific groups

microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs

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19
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
They include

____ from the gram-negative cell wall

____ and _____ from the gram-positive cell wall

the sugar ______

bacterial ______

______ from fungal cell walls

A

LPS; peptidoglycan and lipotechoic acids

mannose

flagellin

glucans

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20
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
They include

bacterial and viral _______________ motifs (found in many bacteria)

the amino acid _____found in bacterial proteins double-stranded and single-stranded RNA from viruses

unique molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed human cells may also stimulate _____, called ________________

A

unmethylated CpG DNA

N-formylmethionine

TLRs

danger associated molecular patterns.

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21
Q

Innate immunity
Examples of innate immunity include

anatomical _____

______ removal

_______ antagonism

________ receptors

___________ defense chemicals

the ______ pathways

____,_____,______

A

barriers; mechanical; bacterial

pattern-recognition

antigen-nonspecific

complement

phagocytosis
inflammation
fever

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22
Q

Innate immunity

The major cells involved in innate immunity include

phagocytic cells ( _____,_____ ,_____)

cells that release inflammatory mediators (_____,______,______)

______ cells

_______ cells

_______ cells

A

neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages

basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils

Natural killer

Mucosal epithelial ; Endothelial

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23
Q

The best defined pattern recognition receptors are the _______

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

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24
Q

Cells of innate immunity

These cells express _______ receptors, cellular receptors that recognize ____.

A

pattern recognition

PAMPs

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25
Q

Innate and adaptive immunity:
complement activation

In innate immunity, the complement system is activated by binding to microbes using the ________ pathways.

A

alternative and lectin

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26
Q

In adaptive immunity, it is activated by binding to antibodies using the ______ pathway.

A

classical

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27
Q

Cells of the adaptive immunity system

______
______
______
_________
________

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Antigen presenting cells e.g. dendritic cells.
NK cells

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28
Q

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils play a major role in defense systems and are directly involved in antigen handling.

T/F

A

F

They are not directly involved in that

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29
Q

T lymphocytes

Account for ______% of circulating lymphocytes

Found in the blood, T cell zones of peripheral lymphoid organs e.g. ______ of lymph nodes, ______ of the spleen

A

60-70

paracortical areas

periarteriolar sheaths

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30
Q

T cells recognize cell bound antigens by means of ____________

A

an antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR)

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31
Q

T cell receptor

The TCR is a disulfide-linked heterodimer of 2 polypeptide chains which may be ___ (___%) or ____

A

αβ; 95

γδ

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32
Q

T cell receptor

αβ (95% of T cells)– recognizes antigens __________

γδ (a minority of T cells)- ______________

A

presented by MHC molecules on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells

does not require antigen presenting cells before they can bind antigens.

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33
Q

Exact function of γδ TCR is ????

but _________ where they are thought to _________.

A

not known

they aggregate at epithelial surfaces

be involved in immune surveillance

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34
Q

Knock out mice that cannot make γδ T cells are (slower or faster?) to heal injuries to their skin and are (more or less?) susceptible to skin cancers than normal mice.

A

Slower

More

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35
Q

Function associated molecules: CD4 and CD 8

Expressed on 2 mutually exclusive subsets of αβ T cells

CD4 is found on about ____% and CD 8 on about ____% of mature T cells

CD 4 molecules bind to Class ___ MHC molecules
CD8 molecules bind to Class __ MHC molecules

A

60

30

II

I

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36
Q

T cell diversity and TCR gene
rearrangements

T cell diversity is generated by _________

All ____ cells have TCR genes from the germ line

A

TCR gene rearrangements

somatic

37
Q

Rearrangements of TCR genes occur only in _____

A

T cells.

38
Q

Each T cell has a unique _______ and a unique ____ which is useful in differentiating _______ and _______ T cell proliferations

A

DNA rearrangement

TCR

monoclonal and polyclonal

39
Q

End result of T cell activation is differentiation into ____ cells ( ____ or _____ cells) or ____ cells (T ___ cells)

A

T8; cytotoxic or suppressor

T4; Helper

40
Q

CD4 cells

Are Activated by _______ and differentiate into _____ cells and _____ cells.

A

APC and IL-1

Helper T

memory T

41
Q

The _____ T cell acts as a master regulator, secreting cytokines and influencing the function of other cells of the immune system including T cells, B cells, macrophages and NK cells.

A

CD4

42
Q

2 types of T Helper cells:

T Helper 1 cells- secrete ____ and ____
T Helper 2 cells- secrete ____,____ ,_____ ,

A

IL-2 and IFN-γ,

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13

43
Q

delayed hypersensitivity

T helper 1 or T helper 2

A

Helper 1

44
Q

macrophage activation

T helper 1 or T helper 2

A

1

45
Q

synthesis of opsonizing and complement-fixing antibodies.

T helper 1 or T helper 2

A

1

46
Q

synthesis of other classes of antibodies, notably IgE (mediated by ____,_____) and the activation of eosinophils (____).

T helper 1 or T helper 2

A

IL, 4 and IL-13

IL-5

T helper 2

47
Q

CD 8 cells

Cytotoxic T cells
Activated by ___________ or by ________

-Activated cytotoxic T cells disrupt the _____ of infected cells, ____ them.

A

contact with antigen presenting APC’s

body cells infected with virus.

cell membranes

lysing

48
Q

CD8 cells

Suppressor T cells
-Activated by _______ and ______

-it _________

A

contact with antigen and IL – 2.

Terminate the actions of cytotoxic cells

49
Q

B lymphocytes

____% of circulating peripheral lymphocyte population and in peripheral lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes ( ______ ) and spleen ( _____ ), or ____ and extralymphatic organs such as the ____.

A

10-20

superficial cortex; white pulp; tonsils

GIT

50
Q

The end result of B cell activation is their differentiation into _____- secreting cells called ____ cells.

A

antibody

plasma

51
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Constitute ____% of circulating lymphocytes

Are CD__ negative (T lymphocytes are CD__ positive)

A

10-15

3; 3

52
Q

NK cells

Express receptors for _____ (known as CD___) which enables them to _________

They also kill ____ infected and ____ cells

A

Fc of IgG; 16

lyse IgG coated cells

virus; tumour

53
Q

Nk cells

They express _____ receptors for MHC I

A

inhibiting

54
Q

Macrophages Belong to the class of APC

T/F

A

T

55
Q

Macrophages

They take up ____, process it and present it to the ___ cells

A

antigens; T

56
Q

Dendritic cells are APCs found in ______, interstitium of many organs and in the _____ ( ______ cells)

A

germinal follicles

skin

Langerhans

57
Q

Major Histocompatibility molecules are antigens

T/F

A

F

Not antigens but antigen presenting cells

58
Q

MHC

These molecules are critical to ___ cell immunity as these cells recognize only membrane-bound antigens

A

T

59
Q

MHC

Encoded for by a cluster of genes on ____ arm of chromosome ___ called the major histocompatibility complex or the _________________ complex.

A

short

6

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

60
Q

Major Histocompatibility molecules

The genes are contained within ___ HLA loci known as _______

A

4

A, B, C and D.

61
Q

MHC genes and gene products are classified into ___ classes based on their chemical structure, tissue distribution and function-

A

3

62
Q

Class I MHC

  • found in ___________

-encoded by __ closely linked loci – HLA- ______

it is a heterodimer consisting of ______ and ______ chain.

A

all nucleated cells and platelets

3; A, B and C,

polymorphic α and non- polymorphic β

63
Q

Viral infection of a cell is associated with altered HLA class ___ expression on cell surface which is recognized by ____ and ____

A

I

CD8 and NK cells

64
Q

Major Histocompatibility molecules

•Class II MHC- coded for in a region called HLA- ___with __ sub-regions- HLA- ______

-it is a heterodimer with _____ α and β chains.

-It is limited to ____.

A

D; 3

DP, DQ, DR

polymorphic

APCs

65
Q

Class II MHC

They bind phagocytosed antigens and present them on their surface to be recognised by ______ cells

A

CD4 helper

66
Q

Class III MHC- encode components of the ________

A

complement system.

67
Q

Role of HLA in diseases

Individuals who inherit HLA alleles associated with specific diseases have a lesser chance of developing the disease than normal subjects do.

T/F

A

F

greater

68
Q

2 random individuals can have the same HLA molecules

T/F

A

F

HLA genes are highly polymorphic hence, any 2 individuals except identical twins will have different HLA molecules which will be seen as foreign (allogeneic).

69
Q

Examples of diseases associated with HLA alleles include _______ and other ______ with HLA B-27, _______ def with HLA-___, _______ with HLA-__, autoimmune endocrinopathies with the DR locus.

A

ankylosing spondylitis

arthropathies

21- hydroxylase; BW47

hereditary chromatosis ; A

70
Q

ANTIGEN
Definition: A substance which the body recognizes as “ _____ ” and that triggers a ________

A

foreign; specific immune response

71
Q

Complete antigen: A substance that ___________ and that can specifically ____________

A

induces an immune response

react with the product of that response (the antibody).

72
Q

Incomplete antigen

Aka

______

A

Hapten

73
Q

Incomplete antigen : A low-molecular-weight substance (a short peptide or drug) that only acts as an antigen once it ___________

A

binds to macromolecules

74
Q

Physiology: The human immune system consists of about _____ lymphocytes and weighs about ____ kg.

It is composed of tissues belonging to the _______ and _______ systems.

A

1 x 1012; 1

lymphatic and reticuloendothelial

75
Q

The immune organs include the following anatomic structures:

_______ Immune Organs

_______ Immune Organs

A

Central

Peripheral

76
Q

THYMUS
Until the end of the ____ month of embryonic development, the thymus is purely ______ organ.

After that time, immature lymph cells migrate from hemopoietic embryonic tissue into the thymus.
There they are cared for by ____ cells ( _______ cells) and are programmed to distinguish between “self” and “non-self.” They then enter the bloodstream as “fighting lymphocytes” (T lymphocytes) and settle in the peripheral lymphatic organs

A

second; an epithelial

nurse; interdigitating

77
Q

Central Immune Organs

BURSA OF FABRICIUS AND BONE MARROW
The bursa of Fabricius occurs only in ____ and is located near the ____.

_______ appears to have assumed the function of this organ in mammals and may therefore be regarded as its equivalent with respect to the ontogeny of the human immune system. Accordingly, the lymphocytes produced here are referred to as ____ lymphocytes.

A

birds; cloaca

Bone marrow

B

78
Q

Peripheral Immune Organs

LYMPH NODES
The follicular cortical region with ______ and ______ and the medullary region with the sinus of the node contain _____

The paracortical region with its _____ follicles supplied by venules harbors ___ lymphocytes.

A

primary and secondary follicles

B lymphocytes.

tertiary; T

79
Q

Peripheral Immune Organs

SPLEEN
Branches of the _____ artery, the _________ of the arteries of the _____ belong to the T-cell system,

whereas the splenic _____ and part of the ____ pulp belong to the B-cell system.

A

trabecular

periarterial lymph sheaths

splenic pulp

follicles; red

80
Q

Peripheral Immune Organs
MALT

includes the following structures:

— Lymphatic _____ ring with the _____,_____, and ______ tonsils;

— Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), including the ____ in the duodenum, the ____ of the appendix, the _____ of the colon, and the ______ of the intestinal mucosa;

A

pharyngeal; pharyngeal, lingual, and palatine

Peyer’s patches; follicles; solitary follicles

immunocompetent cells

81
Q

Peripheral Immune Organs
MALT

—_________ (BALT), including the lymphoid tissue in the ___________;

— Exocrine glands (_______ and ______);

A

Bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue

peribronchial fascial sheath

salivary glands and pancreas

82
Q

The MALT is characteristically located in the __________ containing bacteria (gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts) and is in contact with ________ and other antigen material.

A

walls of hollow organs

pathogenic germs

83
Q

Antigens from the intestinal tract are treated as follows:

The follicle-associated intestinal epithelium contains ______ cells (M cells), which pass antigens from the intestinal lumen to _________.

The absorbed antigen is received by _________ and _____ and treated in such a manner that ____________
They then enter the peripheral blood through the lymph system and ______

However, their ____ receptors enable them to find their way back to the _____ of their home vessels in the intestinal mucosa and in the other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.

A

membranous; intraepithelial lymphocytes

macrophages and dendritic cells

T cells and/or B cells in the adjacent lymph follicle are activated.

search for these antigens.

homing; endothelium

84
Q

Antigen presentation to T cell by dendritic cells

MHC to ______

CD__ to CD___

A

TCR

80/86 to 28

85
Q

Antigen presentation to T4 cell by B cells

MHC ___ to ____

CD___ to CD___

A

2; TCR

40: 40L

86
Q

Heavy chain contributes to ________ regions. Light chain contributes to _______ regions.

A

Fc and Fab

only to Fab

87
Q

Classic pathway of complement activation is by IG___ or IG___

A

G

M

88
Q

C1 is a macromolecule

T/F

With proof

A

T

Has q,r,s

S is the recognition molecule

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