Cell Death Flashcards
The morphologic hallmark of cell death is ______, which occurs via:
______
______
_______
loss of the nucleus
Nuclear condensation (pyknosis)
*Fragmentation (karyorrhexis)
*Dissolution (karyolysis),
The two mechanisms of cell death are _________ and _____
NECROSIS and APOPTOSIS.
NECROSIS
-is the death of groups of cells, often accompanied by _____
an inflammatory infiltrate
Necrosis is Due to _______ process
some underlying pathologic
Necrosis can be physiologic
T/F
F
Necrosis is Divided into several types based on gross features
GROSS PATTERNS OF NECROSIS
List all 6
coagulative necrosis
-Liquefactive necrosis
-Caseous necrosis
-Gangrenous necrosis
-Fat necrosis
-Fibrinoid necrosis
In Coagulative Necrosis
There is preservation of the _____
structural outline of dead cells
In coagulative necrosis, the Necrotic tissue remains firm cell shape and organ structure are preserved by ________ , but the _____ disappears
coagulation of proteins
nucleus
Coagulative necrosis is Characteristic of ischemic infarction of any organ except the _____.
brain
In Coagulative necrosis, Area of infarcted tissue is often ____-shaped (pointing to ______) and ___.
wedge
focus of vascular occlusion
pale
Liquefative Necrosis
-necrotic degradation of tissue that (softens or hardens?) and becomes ____.
Softens
liquefied
Mechanism of Liquefative Necrosis
It is caused by the release of ______ by necrotic cells and/or the release of ______ by ______ entering the tissue.
lysosomal enzymes
hydrolytic enzymes
Neutrophils
Examples of where Liquefative Necrosis occurs
________ infarction
__________
_______
Central nervous system
Abscess in a bacterial infection
Pancreatitis of the pancreas parenchyma
Caseous Necrosis
-variant of _____ necrosis
-__cellular, ——-like (caseous) material is present on gross examination
-(hard or Soft?) and ___ necrotic tissue with “_______-like” appearance
-Combination of _____ and _____ necrosis
coagulation
A
cheese
Soft
friable
cottage cheese
coagulative and liquefactive
Caseous Necrosis
Characteristic of granulomatous inflammation due to ———- or ____infection
tuberculous or fungal
Gangrenous Necrosis
- ______ necrosis that resembles _____ tissue (dry gangrene)
-If ________ occurs, then _____ necrosis ensues (wet gangrene)
Coagulative
mummified
superimposed infection of dead tissues
liquefactive
Dry Gangrene is Characteristic of ischemia of______ and ____
lower limb and GI tract
Fat Necrosis
-Necrotic adipose tissue with _____ appearance due to deposition of _____
-Characteristic of trauma to fat (e.g., breast) and _____-mediated damage of ____ fat
chalky-white
calcium
pancreatitis
peripancreatic
In Fat necrosis
_______ released by trauma (e.g., to breast) or _____ [e.g., pancreatitis) join with calcium via a process called ____.
Fatty acids
lipase
saponification
Fibrinoid Necrosis
-Necrotic damage to _____
blood vessel wall
In Fibrinoid Necrosis
Leaking of proteins (including fibrin) into vessel wall results in _______ staining of the wall microscopically
-Characteristic of malignant ____ and ______
bright pink
hypertension
Vasculitis
APOPTOSIS
-programmed, _____-mediated cell death
-Examples include:
*_______ during menstrual cycle
*Removal of cells during _____
*CD8 + T cell-mediated killing of _____
enzyme
Endometrial shedding
embryogenesis
virally infected cells
Apoptosis is not Energy (ATP)-dependent
T/F
F
It is
Morphology of APOPTOSIS
-Dying cell ____, leading cytoplasm to become more ____
-Nucleus _____ (____) and _____ (_____).
-Apoptotic bodies fall from the cell and are removed by ______
shrinks
eosinophilic
condenses; pyknosis
Fragments; karyorrhexis
macrophages
apoptosis is not followed by inflammation
T/F
T
Mention the ways of Activation of caspases
1)__________ pathway
2)________ pathway
3)__________ pathway
Intrinsic mitochondrial
Extrinsic receptor-ligand
Cytotoxic CD8+ Tcell-mediated
Activation of caspases
1) Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway
-Cellular injury, DNA damage, or loss of hormonal stimulation leads to activation of ___ which leads to ________ which leads to ________
p53
inactivation of BCL-2
activation of BAX/BAK genes
BCL-2 is ________ gene
antiapoptotic
BAX/BAK genes are ______ genes
apoptotic
Activation of caspases
In Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway
Lack of BCL-2 allows _____ to leak from the _______ into the cytoplasm and activate caspases.-capsases activate enzymes like _____ and _____
cytochrome c
mitochondrial matrix
proteases and endonucleases
Activation of caspases
Extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway
-____ ligand binds _____ receptor (____) on the target cell, activating caspases (e.g., negative selection of thymocytes in thymus).
OR
-__________ binds ____ receptor on the target cell, activating caspases.
FAS
FAS death
CD95
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
TNF
Activation of caspases
Cytotoxic CD8+ Tcell-mediated pathway
- _____ secreted by CD8+ T cell creates _______ of target cell,
-_______ from CD8+ T cell enters ____ and activates caspases.
Perforins
pores in membrane
Granzyme
pores
CD8+ T cell is responsible for killing of ______ cells
virally infected
(T/F) The major types of necrosis are
16. Fibrinoid necrosis
17. Liquefactive necrosis
18. Caseous necrosis
19. Gangrenous necrosis
20. Fat necrosis
T
T
T
T
T
(T/F) Apoptosis in health can be seen in
- Autoreactive response of T cells
- Involution of gonads
- Irradiation
- During embryogenesis
- Cytotoxic anticancer drugs
T
T
T
T
T
Apoptosis may be physiologic
T/F
T
Necrosis results from ____ of intracellular _____ and ________ of the irreversibly injured cell.
denaturation; proteins
enzymatic digestion