CELLULAR GROWTH ADAPTATIONS Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy

An increase in stress leads to an increase in organ size.
Occurs via an increase in the size (hyper____) and/or the number(hyper____) of cells

trophy

plasia

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HYPERTROPHY
-increase in _____

cell size.

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Left ventricular hypertrophy occurs in response to an increase in _____ or ______

afterload

preload

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afterload is the _____

preload is the _____

resistance to overcome

volume to expel

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HYPERPLASIA
-increase in the ______
Causes;
*Increased ____ stimulation
*Chronic ____
*Chemical _____
*Stimulating ____

number of normal cells.

hormone

irritation

imbalance

antibodies

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THE CELL CYCLE
Labile cells ( ____ cells)
Stable cells ( _____ cells)
Permanent cells (______)

stem

Resting

non-replicating

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ATROPHY
-is a ____________ of a tissue or organ.
Causes;
a. Decreased _____ stimulation
b. Decreased ______
c. Decreased _____
d. Decreased ___
e. Increased _____

decrease in size and weight

hormone
INNERVATION

blood flow

nutrients

Luminal pressure

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Mechanism of atrophy

Atrophy can be due to _____ of cells related to increased _______ of ________ and reduction in _____.

Atrophy can be due to loss of cells by _____ (programmed cell death).

shrinkage

catabolism of cell organelles

cytosol

apoptosis

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METAPLASIA

-replacement of ______ cell type by another.

one fully differentiated

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Metaplastic cells are less able to handle the new stress.

T/F

Better able

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TYPES OF METAPLASIA
-Metaplasia from squamous to glandular epithelium
-Metaplasia from glandular to other types of glandular epithelium
-Metaplasia from glandular to squamous epithelium
-Metaplasia from transitional to squamous epithelium
-Mesenchymal metaplasia involving connective tissue
Examples would follow later

-barrette oesophagus

-Pylorus and Antrum’s epithelium to intestinal epithelium

-airway tract to lungs epithelium due to eg smoking

-bladder to squamous due to irritation by an infection or parasite

-bone growing in muscle (myositis ossificans)

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DYSPLASIA
-_____ cell growth (aka _____)

disordered

PLEOMORPHISM

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Dysplasia

Is a potential precursor to cancer

T/F

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Dysplasia Often arises from longstanding pathologic _____ (e.g., ______) or ____ (e.g.,_____)

hyperplasia

endometrial hyperplasia

metaplasia

Barrett esophagus

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Dysplasia is (reversible or irreversible?) , in theory, with alleviation of inciting stress.

reversible

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If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to _____ which is (reversible or irreversible?)

carcinoma

irreversible

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Microscopic features of dysplasia

*Nuclear features of dysplasia

-__eased mitotic activity, with ____ mitotic spindles
-___eased nuclear size and chromatin
-Disorderly proliferation of cells with loss of ______ as cells progress to _____

Incr

Normal

Incr

cell maturation

thesurface

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APLASIA AND HYPOPLASIA

Aplasia is ______ during ______ (e.g. unilateral renal agenesis).

Hypoplasia is a _____ during _____, resulting in a relatively ____ (e.g., ____ ovary in Turner syndrome).

failure of cell production

embryogenesis

decrease in cell production

embryogenesis

small organ

Streak ovary

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QUESTION BANK
Hypertrophy(T/F)

Increase in size of an organ due to an increase in the number of its individual cells
No new cell is formed
Increase in the synthesis of structural elements
Most cases coexist with hyperplasia
Pure hypertrophy without hyperplasia occurs in the muscles

46)F
47)T
48)T
49)T
50)T

(T/F) Hypertrophy of cardiac muscles can occur due to;

Pressure overload
Congenital malformations
Valvular heart diseases
Denervation
Ischaemia

51)T
52)T
53)T
54)F
55)F

(T/F) Metaplasia can occur in;

Connective tissue
Gastrointestinal tracts
Central nervous system
Biliary system
Urothelium

56)T
57)T
58)F
59)T
60)T

(T/F) Pathological hyperplasia can be seen in;

Parathyroid gland in chronic renal failure
Thyroid gland in graves disease
Hyperplasia of islets of the pancreas in children born todiabetic mothers
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Hypertensive heart disease

76)T
77)T
78)T
79)T
80)F

Cardiac myocytes undergo hyperplasia

T/F

They do not

(T/F)The following are true about cellular adaptation

81)Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely coexist
82)Hypertrophy predisposes to malignancy
83)Hyperplasia readily occurs in neurons
84)Hypertrophy results from hypoxic-ischemic injury
85)In metaplasia, the immature cells replace the adult cells

81) F
82)F
83) F
84)F
85)F

_______ results from hypoxic-ischemic injury

Atrophy

(T/F) Dysplasia 86)is defined as disordered growth 87)occurs in connective tissue 88)is characterized by cells showing pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, numerous mitotic figures and loss of cellularity 89)may progress to sarcoma 90)PAP smear is an obsolete screening method

86)T 87)T 88)T 89)T 90)F

The following adaptive changes predispose to malignancy 91)dysplasia 92)atrophy 93)metaplasia 94)hyperplasia 95)anaplasia

91)T 92)F 93)T 94)T 95)F

Hyper trophy is characterized by increase in structural proteins and organelles T/F

In atrophy, it could occur through increase in cytoskeleton degradation by ___________ pathway and _______

Ubiquinie - proteasome Autophagy

Loss of uniformity of cell size and shape is _________

Pleomorphism

Dysplasia is characterized by a decrease in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio T/F

F Increase

proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy is _______ usually accompanied by enlargement (_______) of the glandular epithelial cells.

Hyperplasia hypertrophy

The classic illustration of compensatory hyperplasia comes from the study of ______________

liver regeneration

The ——— is also remarkable in its capacity to undergo rapid hyperplasia in response to a deficiency of mature blood cells

bone marrow

Hyperplasia ______ is to man as ______ is to woman

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Endometrial hyperplasia

Which can become cancerous Benign prostatic hyperplasia Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is a characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as _______, which cause skin warts and several mucosal lesions composed of masses of hyperplastic epithelium

papillomaviruses

Mechanisms of hypertrophy _______ sensors, ______ factors & _____ agents work together to activate signal transduction pathways e.g. _________,____________ • The signal pathways then activate ________ which enhance synthesis of ______

Mechanical growth vasoactive PI3K & G-protein coupled receptors . transcription factors muscle proteins.

The goal of atrophy is to ____________________

reduce the metabolic needs of the cell enough to ensure its survival

Squamous metaplasia •___________ (________) •__________ (________) Columnar metaplasia •____________ Connective tissue metaplasia •___________

Ciliated columnar; smokers Secretory columnar; gallstone Barrett’s oesophagus Myositis ossificans

The characteristics of dysplastic cells: Nuclear pleomorphism T/F

The characteristics of dysplastic cells: Reduced hyperchromatic nuclei T/F

F Enlarged

The characteristics of dysplastic cells: Decreased nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio T/F

Intradermal nevi is a _____plasia

Dysplasia

Decrease in cell size occurs via _________ of the ________ And ___________ of ———— components

Ubiquitin proteosome degradation ; cytoskeleton Autophagy ; cellular components

Ubiquitin proteosome degradation Ubiquitin- is a ______ that _________________________ of the cytoskeleton Proteosome- is an ________ within the cell that ________________________ and destroys them

protein ; gets posted on to the Intermediate filament organelle; recognizes ubiquitin-tagged proteins

Apocrine metaplasia of the breast increases the risk for breast cancer T/F