CELLULAR GROWTH ADAPTATIONS Flashcards
Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy
An increase in stress leads to an increase in organ size.
Occurs via an increase in the size (hyper____) and/or the number(hyper____) of cells
trophy
plasia
HYPERTROPHY
-increase in _____
cell size.
Left ventricular hypertrophy occurs in response to an increase in _____ or ______
afterload
preload
afterload is the _____
preload is the _____
resistance to overcome
volume to expel
HYPERPLASIA
-increase in the ______
Causes;
*Increased ____ stimulation
*Chronic ____
*Chemical _____
*Stimulating ____
number of normal cells.
hormone
irritation
imbalance
antibodies
THE CELL CYCLE
Labile cells ( ____ cells)
Stable cells ( _____ cells)
Permanent cells (______)
stem
Resting
non-replicating
ATROPHY
-is a ____________ of a tissue or organ.
Causes;
a. Decreased _____ stimulation
b. Decreased ______
c. Decreased _____
d. Decreased ___
e. Increased _____
decrease in size and weight
hormone
INNERVATION
blood flow
nutrients
Luminal pressure
Mechanism of atrophy
Atrophy can be due to _____ of cells related to increased _______ of ________ and reduction in _____.
Atrophy can be due to loss of cells by _____ (programmed cell death).
shrinkage
catabolism of cell organelles
cytosol
apoptosis
METAPLASIA
-replacement of ______ cell type by another.
one fully differentiated
Metaplastic cells are less able to handle the new stress.
T/F
F
Better able
TYPES OF METAPLASIA
-Metaplasia from squamous to glandular epithelium
-Metaplasia from glandular to other types of glandular epithelium
-Metaplasia from glandular to squamous epithelium
-Metaplasia from transitional to squamous epithelium
-Mesenchymal metaplasia involving connective tissue
Examples would follow later
-barrette oesophagus
-Pylorus and Antrum’s epithelium to intestinal epithelium
-airway tract to lungs epithelium due to eg smoking
-bladder to squamous due to irritation by an infection or parasite
-bone growing in muscle (myositis ossificans)
DYSPLASIA
-_____ cell growth (aka _____)
disordered
PLEOMORPHISM
Dysplasia
Is a potential precursor to cancer
T/F
T
Dysplasia Often arises from longstanding pathologic _____ (e.g., ______) or ____ (e.g.,_____)
hyperplasia
endometrial hyperplasia
metaplasia
Barrett esophagus
Dysplasia is (reversible or irreversible?) , in theory, with alleviation of inciting stress.
reversible
If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to _____ which is (reversible or irreversible?)
carcinoma
irreversible
Microscopic features of dysplasia
*Nuclear features of dysplasia
-__eased mitotic activity, with ____ mitotic spindles
-___eased nuclear size and chromatin
-Disorderly proliferation of cells with loss of ______ as cells progress to _____
Incr
Normal
Incr
cell maturation
thesurface
APLASIA AND HYPOPLASIA
Aplasia is ______ during ______ (e.g. unilateral renal agenesis).
Hypoplasia is a _____ during _____, resulting in a relatively ____ (e.g., ____ ovary in Turner syndrome).
failure of cell production
embryogenesis
decrease in cell production
embryogenesis
small organ
Streak ovary
QUESTION BANK
Hypertrophy(T/F)
- Increase in size of an organ due to an increase in the number of its individual cells
- No new cell is formed
- Increase in the synthesis of structural elements
- Most cases coexist with hyperplasia
- Pure hypertrophy without hyperplasia occurs in the muscles
46)F
47)T
48)T
49)T
50)T
(T/F) Hypertrophy of cardiac muscles can occur due to;
- Pressure overload
- Congenital malformations
- Valvular heart diseases
- Denervation
- Ischaemia
51)T
52)T
53)T
54)F
55)F
(T/F) Metaplasia can occur in;
- Connective tissue
- Gastrointestinal tracts
- Central nervous system
- Biliary system
- Urothelium
56)T
57)T
58)F
59)T
60)T
(T/F) Pathological hyperplasia can be seen in;
- Parathyroid gland in chronic renal failure
- Thyroid gland in graves disease
- Hyperplasia of islets of the pancreas in children born todiabetic mothers
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
- Hypertensive heart disease
76)T
77)T
78)T
79)T
80)F
Cardiac myocytes undergo hyperplasia
T/F
F
They do not
(T/F)The following are true about cellular adaptation
81)Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely coexist
82)Hypertrophy predisposes to malignancy
83)Hyperplasia readily occurs in neurons
84)Hypertrophy results from hypoxic-ischemic injury
85)In metaplasia, the immature cells replace the adult cells
81) F
82)F
83) F
84)F
85)F
_______ results from hypoxic-ischemic injury
Atrophy
(T/F) Dysplasia
86)is defined as disordered growth
87)occurs in connective tissue
88)is characterized by cells showing pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, numerous mitotic figures and loss of cellularity
89)may progress to sarcoma
90)PAP smear is an obsolete screening method
86)T
87)T
88)T
89)T
90)F
The following adaptive changes predispose to malignancy
91)dysplasia
92)atrophy
93)metaplasia
94)hyperplasia
95)anaplasia
91)T
92)F
93)T
94)T
95)F
Hyper trophy is characterized by increase in structural proteins and organelles
T/F
T
In atrophy, it could occur through increase in cytoskeleton degradation by ___________ pathway and _______
Ubiquinie - proteasome
Autophagy
Loss of uniformity of cell size and shape is _________
Pleomorphism
Dysplasia is characterized by a decrease in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
T/F
F
Increase
proliferation of the glandular
epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during
pregnancy is _______ usually accompanied by enlargement (_______) of the glandular epithelial cells.
Hyperplasia
hypertrophy
The classic illustration of compensatory hyperplasia comes from the study of ______________
liver regeneration
The ——— is also remarkable in its capacity to undergo rapid hyperplasia in response to a deficiency of mature
blood cells
bone marrow
Hyperplasia
______ is to man as ______ is to woman
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia
Which can become cancerous
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is a characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as _______, which cause skin warts and several mucosal lesions composed of masses
of hyperplastic epithelium
papillomaviruses
Mechanisms of hypertrophy
_______ sensors, ______ factors & _____ agents work together to activate signal
transduction pathways e.g.
_________,____________
• The signal pathways then activate ________ which enhance synthesis of ______
Mechanical
growth
vasoactive
PI3K & G-protein coupled receptors
. transcription factors
muscle proteins.
The goal of atrophy is to ____________________
reduce the metabolic needs of the cell enough to ensure its survival
Squamous metaplasia
•___________ (________)
•__________ (________)
Columnar metaplasia
•____________
Connective tissue metaplasia
•___________
Ciliated columnar; smokers
Secretory columnar; gallstone
Barrett’s oesophagus
Myositis ossificans
The characteristics of dysplastic cells:
Nuclear pleomorphism
T/F
T
The characteristics of dysplastic cells:
Reduced hyperchromatic nuclei
T/F
F
Enlarged
The characteristics of dysplastic cells:
Decreased nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio
T/F
F
Intradermal nevi is a _____plasia
Dysplasia
Decrease in cell size occurs via
_________ of the ________
And
___________ of ———— components
Ubiquitin proteosome degradation ; cytoskeleton
Autophagy ; cellular components
Ubiquitin proteosome degradation
Ubiquitin- is a ______ that _________________________ of the cytoskeleton
Proteosome- is an ________ within the cell that ________________________ and destroys them
protein ; gets posted on to the Intermediate filament
organelle; recognizes ubiquitin-tagged proteins
Apocrine metaplasia of the breast increases the risk for breast cancer
T/F
F
