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House AMP > CELLULAR GROWTH ADAPTATIONS > Flashcards

CELLULAR GROWTH ADAPTATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy

An increase in stress leads to an increase in organ size.
Occurs via an increase in the size (hyper____) and/or the number(hyper____) of cells

A

trophy

plasia

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2
Q

HYPERTROPHY
-increase in _____

A

cell size.

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3
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy occurs in response to an increase in _____ or ______

A

afterload

preload

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4
Q

afterload is the _____

preload is the _____

A

resistance to overcome

volume to expel

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5
Q

HYPERPLASIA
-increase in the ______
Causes;
*Increased ____ stimulation
*Chronic ____
*Chemical _____
*Stimulating ____

A

number of normal cells.

hormone

irritation

imbalance

antibodies

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6
Q

THE CELL CYCLE
Labile cells ( ____ cells)
Stable cells ( _____ cells)
Permanent cells (______)

A

stem

Resting

non-replicating

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7
Q

ATROPHY
-is a ____________ of a tissue or organ.
Causes;
a. Decreased _____ stimulation
b. Decreased ______
c. Decreased _____
d. Decreased ___
e. Increased _____

A

decrease in size and weight

hormone
INNERVATION

blood flow

nutrients

Luminal pressure

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8
Q

Mechanism of atrophy

Atrophy can be due to _____ of cells related to increased _______ of ________ and reduction in _____.

Atrophy can be due to loss of cells by _____ (programmed cell death).

A

shrinkage

catabolism of cell organelles

cytosol

apoptosis

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9
Q

METAPLASIA

-replacement of ______ cell type by another.

A

one fully differentiated

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10
Q

Metaplastic cells are less able to handle the new stress.

T/F

A

F

Better able

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11
Q

TYPES OF METAPLASIA
-Metaplasia from squamous to glandular epithelium
-Metaplasia from glandular to other types of glandular epithelium
-Metaplasia from glandular to squamous epithelium
-Metaplasia from transitional to squamous epithelium
-Mesenchymal metaplasia involving connective tissue
Examples would follow later

A

-barrette oesophagus

-Pylorus and Antrum’s epithelium to intestinal epithelium

-airway tract to lungs epithelium due to eg smoking

-bladder to squamous due to irritation by an infection or parasite

-bone growing in muscle (myositis ossificans)

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12
Q

DYSPLASIA
-_____ cell growth (aka _____)

A

disordered

PLEOMORPHISM

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13
Q

Dysplasia

Is a potential precursor to cancer

T/F

A

T

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14
Q

Dysplasia Often arises from longstanding pathologic _____ (e.g., ______) or ____ (e.g.,_____)

A

hyperplasia

endometrial hyperplasia

metaplasia

Barrett esophagus

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15
Q

Dysplasia is (reversible or irreversible?) , in theory, with alleviation of inciting stress.

A

reversible

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16
Q

If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to _____ which is (reversible or irreversible?)

A

carcinoma

irreversible

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17
Q

Microscopic features of dysplasia

*Nuclear features of dysplasia

-__eased mitotic activity, with ____ mitotic spindles
-___eased nuclear size and chromatin
-Disorderly proliferation of cells with loss of ______ as cells progress to _____

A

Incr

Normal

Incr

cell maturation

thesurface

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18
Q

APLASIA AND HYPOPLASIA

Aplasia is ______ during ______ (e.g. unilateral renal agenesis).

Hypoplasia is a _____ during _____, resulting in a relatively ____ (e.g., ____ ovary in Turner syndrome).

A

failure of cell production

embryogenesis

decrease in cell production

embryogenesis

small organ

Streak ovary

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19
Q

QUESTION BANK
Hypertrophy(T/F)

  1. Increase in size of an organ due to an increase in the number of its individual cells
  2. No new cell is formed
  3. Increase in the synthesis of structural elements
  4. Most cases coexist with hyperplasia
  5. Pure hypertrophy without hyperplasia occurs in the muscles
A

46)F
47)T
48)T
49)T
50)T

20
Q

(T/F) Hypertrophy of cardiac muscles can occur due to;

  1. Pressure overload
  2. Congenital malformations
  3. Valvular heart diseases
  4. Denervation
  5. Ischaemia
A

51)T
52)T
53)T
54)F
55)F

21
Q

(T/F) Metaplasia can occur in;

  1. Connective tissue
  2. Gastrointestinal tracts
  3. Central nervous system
  4. Biliary system
  5. Urothelium
A

56)T
57)T
58)F
59)T
60)T

22
Q

(T/F) Pathological hyperplasia can be seen in;

  1. Parathyroid gland in chronic renal failure
  2. Thyroid gland in graves disease
  3. Hyperplasia of islets of the pancreas in children born todiabetic mothers
  4. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
  5. Hypertensive heart disease
A

76)T
77)T
78)T
79)T
80)F

23
Q

Cardiac myocytes undergo hyperplasia

T/F

A

F

They do not

24
Q

(T/F)The following are true about cellular adaptation

81)Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely coexist
82)Hypertrophy predisposes to malignancy
83)Hyperplasia readily occurs in neurons
84)Hypertrophy results from hypoxic-ischemic injury
85)In metaplasia, the immature cells replace the adult cells

A

81) F
82)F
83) F
84)F
85)F

25
Q

_______ results from hypoxic-ischemic injury

A

Atrophy

26
Q

(T/F) Dysplasia

86)is defined as disordered growth
87)occurs in connective tissue
88)is characterized by cells showing pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, numerous mitotic figures and loss of cellularity
89)may progress to sarcoma
90)PAP smear is an obsolete screening method

A

86)T
87)T
88)T
89)T
90)F

27
Q

The following adaptive changes predispose to malignancy

91)dysplasia
92)atrophy
93)metaplasia
94)hyperplasia
95)anaplasia

A

91)T
92)F
93)T
94)T
95)F

28
Q

Hyper trophy is characterized by increase in structural proteins and organelles

T/F

A

T

29
Q

In atrophy, it could occur through increase in cytoskeleton degradation by ___________ pathway and _______

A

Ubiquinie - proteasome

Autophagy

30
Q

Loss of uniformity of cell size and shape is _________

A

Pleomorphism

31
Q

Dysplasia is characterized by a decrease in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

T/F

A

F

Increase

32
Q

proliferation of the glandular
epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during
pregnancy is _______ usually accompanied by enlargement (_______) of the glandular epithelial cells.

A

Hyperplasia

hypertrophy

33
Q

The classic illustration of compensatory hyperplasia comes from the study of ______________

A

liver regeneration

34
Q

The ——— is also remarkable in its capacity to undergo rapid hyperplasia in response to a deficiency of mature
blood cells

A

bone marrow

35
Q

Hyperplasia

______ is to man as ______ is to woman

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia

36
Q

Which can become cancerous

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

37
Q

Hyperplasia is a characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as _______, which cause skin warts and several mucosal lesions composed of masses
of hyperplastic epithelium

A

papillomaviruses

38
Q

Mechanisms of hypertrophy

_______ sensors, ______ factors & _____ agents work together to activate signal
transduction pathways e.g.
_________,____________

• The signal pathways then activate ________ which enhance synthesis of ______

A

Mechanical

growth

vasoactive

PI3K & G-protein coupled receptors

. transcription factors

muscle proteins.

39
Q

The goal of atrophy is to ____________________

A

reduce the metabolic needs of the cell enough to ensure its survival

40
Q

Squamous metaplasia
•___________ (________)
•__________ (________)

Columnar metaplasia
•____________

Connective tissue metaplasia
•___________

A

Ciliated columnar; smokers

Secretory columnar; gallstone

Barrett’s oesophagus

Myositis ossificans

41
Q

The characteristics of dysplastic cells:

Nuclear pleomorphism

T/F

A

T

42
Q

The characteristics of dysplastic cells:

Reduced hyperchromatic nuclei

T/F

A

F

Enlarged

43
Q

The characteristics of dysplastic cells:

Decreased nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio

T/F

A

F

44
Q

Intradermal nevi is a _____plasia

A

Dysplasia

45
Q

Decrease in cell size occurs via

_________ of the ________
And

___________ of ———— components

A

Ubiquitin proteosome degradation ; cytoskeleton

Autophagy ; cellular components

46
Q

Ubiquitin proteosome degradation

Ubiquitin- is a ______ that _________________________ of the cytoskeleton

Proteosome- is an ________ within the cell that ________________________ and destroys them

A

protein ; gets posted on to the Intermediate filament

organelle; recognizes ubiquitin-tagged proteins

47
Q

Apocrine metaplasia of the breast increases the risk for breast cancer

T/F

A

F

House AMP (66 decks)

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