The digestive system

Question 1

alimentary canal

Answer 1

• technically “outside the body”

- runs from the mouth to the anus and is sectioned off by sphincters

Question 2

sphincters

Answer 2

circular smooth muscles around the canal that can contract to allow compartmentalization of function

Question 3

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 3

Physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles, but does not involve the breaking of chemical bonds

Question 4

Chemical Digestion

Answer 4

Enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as peptide bonds in proteins, or glycosidic bonds of starches

Question 5

Absorption

Answer 5

the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system

Question 6

Pathway That Food Follows

Answer 6

Oral Cavity (Mouth)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus

Question 7

Role of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

The parasympathetic nervous system increases secretions from all of the glands of the digestive system and promotes peristalsis. The sympathetic nervous system slows peristalsis

Question 8

What two main enzymes are found in saliva? What do these enzymes do?

Answer 8

1. Salivary amylase(ptyalin)- digests starch into smaller sugars
2. Maltose and dextrin- digests fast

Question 9

Bolus

Answer 9

Mass of chewed food made by the tongue

Question 10

Esophagus

Answer 10

Long muscular tube that carries food to stomach

Question 11

Pharynx

Answer 11

Cavity between mouth and esophagus that serves as a passageway for food (and air)
“Throat”

Question 12

Epiglottis

Answer 12

Covers the voice box to make sure food is routed to the esophagus

Question 13

Mucous cell

Answer 13

Secretes: Mucus
Function: Protects lining of stomach, increases pH (bicarbonate)

Question 14

Chief cells

Answer 14

Secretes: Pepsinogen
Function: Digests proteins, once activated by H+ from HCl released by parietal cell

Question 15

Parietal cell

Answer 15

Secretes: HCl, intrinsic factor
Function: HCl decreases pH, kills microbes, denatures proteins, some chemical digestion; intrinsic factor absorption of vitamin B12

Question 16

G-cell

Answer 16

Secretes: Gastrin
Function: Increases HCl production, increases gastric motility

Question 17

Sucrase

Answer 17

Enzyme

- Brush-border hormone enzyme; breaks down sucrose into monosaccharides

Question 18

Secretin

Answer 18

Hormone

-Increases pancreatic secretions, especially bicarbonate, reduces HCl secretion, decreases motility

Question 19

Dipeptidase

Answer 19

Enzyme

-Brush-border enzyme; breaks dipeptides into free amino acids

Question 20

Cholecystokinin

Answer 20

Hormone

-recruits secretion from gallbladder and pancreas; promotes satiety

Question 21

Enteropeptidase

Answer 21

Enzyme

-Activates trypsinogen, which initiates an activation cascade

Question 22

How do bile and pancreatic lipase work together?

Answer 22

Bile accomplishes mechanical digestion of fats, emulsifying them and increasing their surface area. Pancreatic lipase accomplishes chemical digestion of fats, breaking their ester bonds.

Question 23

Anatomy of Small Intestine

Answer 23

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

Question 24

Salivary Amylase

Answer 24

Produced by: Salivary glands
Site of Action: Mouth
Optimum pH: Neutral
Digests: Carbohydrates

Question 25

Pancreatic Amylase

Answer 25

Produced by: Pancreas
Site of Action: Small Intestine
Optimum pH: Basic (8.5)
Digests: Carbohydrates

Question 26

Functions of Pancreas

Answer 26

1. Secretes enzymes into small intestine
2. Secretes bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize stomach acid
3. Secretes insulin into the blood to keep blood sugar under control

Question 27

What enzymes digest Carbohydrates

Answer 27

Salivary amaylase
Pancreatic amaylase
maltase
isomaltase
sucrase
lactase

Question 28

What enzymes digest Proteins

Answer 28

Pepsin(ogen)
Trypsin(ogen)
Chymotrypsin(ogen)
(pro)carboxy peptidases A and B
Aminopeptidase
Dipeptidases
Enteropeptidase

Question 29

What enzymes digest fats?

Answer 29

Bile

Lipase

Question 30

What are the main components of bile

Answer 30

1. Bile salts- emulsify fats
2. Pigments (bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
3. cholesterol

Question 31

Where is bile synthesized, stored, and where does bile carry our its digestive function

Answer 31

Bile is synthesized in the liver, stored in gallbladder, and serves its function in the duodenum

Question 32

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 32

Liver processes nutrients (through glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, storage and mobilization of fats and gluconeogenesis), produces urea, detoxifies chemicals, activates or inactivates medications, broduces bile, and synthesizes albumin and clotting factor

Question 33

The accessory organs of digestion originate from wheat primary germ layer?

Answer 33

Embryonic endoderm

Question 34

What are the two circulatory vessels in a villus? What biomolecules are absorbed into each?

Answer 34

1. Capillaries - absorbs water soluble nutrients, like monosaccharides, amino acids, small fatty acids, water-soluble vitamins and water
2. Lacteals- absorbs fat-soluble nutrients, like fats, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 35

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 35

“Karen Eat Apples Daily”

K, E, A, D

Question 36

3 sections of large intestine and their functions?

Answer 36

1. cecum- out-pocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the ileocecal valve and is the site of attachment of the appendix
2. colon- divided into ascending, transverse and sigmoid portions; absorbs salts and water
3. rectum- stores feces which are then extracted through he anus

Question 37

What does gut bacteria do?

Answer 37

produces vitamin K and biotin (Vitamin B7)