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MCAT ALL > Development and Embrogenesis > Flashcards

Development and Embrogenesis Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Ampulla

A

Widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

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2
Q

acrosomal apparatus

A

-when sperm comes into direct contact with secondary oocyte, it forms a tubelike structure (acrosomal apparatus) that extends to and penetrates the cell membrane

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3
Q

Cortical reaction

A
  • after penetration of the sperm through the cell membrane, a release of calcium ions occurs
  • release of calcium depolarizes the ovum membrane
    1. depolarization prevents ovum fertilization by more than one sperm
    2. `depolarization increases metabolic rate of newly formed diploid zygote
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4
Q

fertilization membrane

A

-depolarized impenetrable membrane

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5
Q

Dizygotic of Fraternal Twins

A

formed by the release of two eggs during one ovulatory cycle

  • two eggs fertilized by different sperm
  • no more genetically similar than any siblings
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6
Q

Monozygotic or Identical twins

A
  • form when a single zygote splits into two
  • all genetic material identical
  • if splitting is incomplete, conjoined twins
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7
Q

After fertilization in fallopian tube

A

zygote travels from fallopian tube to uterus for implantation

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8
Q

Cleavage

A
  • the rapid mitotic devisions the zygote experiences while moving to the uterus
  • creates embryo (no longer unicellular)
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9
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A
  • results in cells whose function has yet to be determined
  • can still develop into complete organisms
  • monozygotic (identical twins) formed from indeterminate cleavage of the same embryo
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10
Q

determinate cleavage

A
  • results in cells whose functions are already determined

- these cells are committed to differentiating into a certain type of cell

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11
Q

morula

A

a solid mass of embryonic cells formed after several divisions

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12
Q

blastula

A

morula undergoes blastulation which forms a hollow ball of cells
-an embryo with a blasted out cavity is known as a blastula

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13
Q

blastocoel

A

the fluid filled cavity of a blastula

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14
Q

blastocyte

A

mammalian blastocoel

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15
Q

trophoblast

A

outer cells of blastocyte

-specialized to create an interface between maternal blood supply and the developing embryo (placental cells)

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16
Q

inner cell mass

A

protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism

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17
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects embryo to the placenta

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18
Q

chorion

A
  • formed by the trophoblastic cells

- extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

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19
Q

chorionic villi

A
  • formed by the trophoblasts
  • microscopic finger like projections that penetrate the endometrium
  • as they develop into placenta, they support maternal-fetal gas exchange
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20
Q

yolk sac

A
  • used to support embryo until the placenta is functional

- site of early blood cell development

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21
Q

allantois

A
  • involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac
  • umbilical cord formed from remnants of yolk sac and allantois
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22
Q

amnion

A
  • thin, rough membrane that surrounds the allantois
  • filled with amniotic fluid
  • acts as cushion to weaken impact of maternal movement on embryo
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23
Q

gastrulation

A

the generation of three distinct cell layers

-after implantation

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24
Q

gastrula

A

structure after gastrulation

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25
Q

archenteron

A

the membrane invagination into the blastocoel

-later develops into the gut

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26
Q

blastopore

A

the opening of the archenteron

27
Q

Deuterostomes

A
  • humans

- blastopore develops into anus

28
Q

protostomes

A

-blastopore develops into the mouth

29
Q

primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

30
Q

ectoderm

A
  • outermost layer
  • forms nervous system
  • “attracto” derm= things that attract
31
Q

mesoderm

A
  • middle layer
  • develops into several different systems including the musculoskeletal, circulatory and most excretory systems
  • “means” oderm- getting around in the body
32
Q

endoderm

A
  • innermost layer

- forms linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, the pancreas, thyroid, bladder and urinary tracts

33
Q

selective transcription

A

-the transcription of of only the genes needed for the particular cell type

34
Q

induction

A

-the ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells

35
Q

neurulation

A

development of the nervous system

  • occurs after the three germ layers are formed
  • form from the ectoderm
36
Q

notochord

A
  • a rod of mesodermal cells forms this
  • acts as a primitive spine
  • induces a group of overlying ectoderm cells to slide inward forming neural folds
37
Q

neural tube

A

neural folds grow towards one another until they fuse into a neural tube
-gives rise to central nervous system

38
Q

Neural crest

A

cells at the tip of each neural fold are the neural crest cells
-these cells migrate outward to form the peripheral nervous system and specific cell tissues

39
Q

morphogens

A

molecules secreted from cells that may cause nearby cells to follow a particular developmental pathway

40
Q

differentiation

A

the changing of structure, function and biochemistry of a cell to match the determined cell type

41
Q

Determination

A

commitment of a cell to have a particular function in the future

42
Q

stem cells

A

-cells that have not yet differentiated or which give rise to other cells that will differentiate are known as stem cells

43
Q

totipotent stem cells

A
  • include embryonic stem cells

- stem cells of greatest potency, can differentiate into any cell type

44
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A
  • stem cells immediately after the formation of the three germ cell layers
  • can differentiate into any cell other than those found in the placenta
45
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

stem cells found in more specialized cells

-can differentiate into any cell within a particular group

46
Q

autocrine signals

A

act on the same cell that secreted the signal

47
Q

paracrine signals

A

act on cells in local area

48
Q

juxtacrine signals

A

a cell directly stimulates the receptors of the adjacent cell

49
Q

endocrine signals

A

involve secreted hormones that travel through the bloodstream to a distant target tissue

50
Q

apoptotic blebs

A
  • during apoptosis the cell undergoes changes in morphology and divides into many self contained pieces
  • can be digested by other cells
51
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell dies as a result of injury

52
Q

Senescense

A

Biological aging

53
Q

telomeresthe ends of chromosomes

A
  • prevent lost of genetic information from ends of DNA
  • prevent DNA from unraveling
  • as cell replicates telomeres get smaller
54
Q

fetal hemoglobin(HbF)

A

contained in the blood of a fetus

-higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin

55
Q

umbilical artery

A

carries blood away from the fetus toward the placenta

-carries deoxygenated blood

56
Q

umbilical vein carries blood

A

toward the fetus from the placenta

-carries oxygenated blood

57
Q

Fetal shunts

A

used to direct blood away from the liver and lungs of the fetus so that they can continue to develop for birth

58
Q

foramen ovale

A

one way valve in fetus that connects the right atrium to the left atrium

  • one of three shunts
  • bypasses lungs
59
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

-bypasses lungs

60
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts blood returning from the placenta via the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava
-bypasses liver

61
Q

first trimester

A

First few weeks, the major organs begin to develop

  • heart beats after 22 days
  • eyes, gonads, limbs and the liver start to form
  • bone starts to form by seventh week
  • by the end of the eighth week the embryo is known as a fetus
62
Q

second trimester

A
  • rapid growth
  • fetus begins to move in amniotic fluid, toes and fingers elongate
  • face looks human
63
Q

third trimester

A
  • rapid growth and brain development

- antibodies from mother are transported in preparation for life outside the womb

64
Q

Three phases of birth

A

1) cervix thins and the amniotic sac ruptures
2) strong uterine contractions result in the birth of the fetus
3) placenta and umbilical cord are expelled (afterbirth)

MCAT ALL (56 decks)

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