Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiratory pathway

Answer 1

Nares > Nasal Cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

Question 2

What muscles involved in inhalation?

Answer 2

Inhalation uses diaphragm an external intercostal muscles; in labored breathing muscles of the neck and back may also be involved

Question 3

What muscles involved in inhalation?

Answer 3

Passive exhalation- relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reserving the pressure differential seen in inhalation.
Active exhalation also uses the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

Question 4

What is the purposed of surfactant

Answer 4

It reduces surface tension at the air liquid interface in the alveoli. It prevents their collapse

Question 5

What is the mathematical relationship between vital capacity (VC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and tidal volume?

Answer 5

Vital capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume.
VC= IRV + ERV + TV

Question 6

If blood levels fall too low how does brain maintain homeostasis?

Answer 6

The brain decreases the respiratory rate in order to raise CO2 levels

Question 7

Pleurae

Answer 7

Cover the lungs and line the chest wall

Question 8

Visceral pleura

Answer 8

Lies adjacent to the lungs itself

Question 9

Parietal pleura

Answer 9

Lines the chest wall

Question 10

Intrapleural space

Answer 10

lies between the visceral and parietal pleura and contains a thin layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural surface

Question 11

Inhalation

Answer 11

Active
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space. This decreases the intrapleural pressure
- negative-pressure breathing

Question 12

Exhalation

Answer 12

Passive or active

• In passive-relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease, reversing the pressure differentials (Bot diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relaxes)
• In active- the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing air out (they contract)

Question 13

Spirometer

Answer 13

Measure lung capacity and volumes

Question 14

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 14

The maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Question 15

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 15

Minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely

Question 16

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 16

Difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Question 17

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 17

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 18

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 18

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 19

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 19

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 20

Ventilation regulated

Answer 20

By the ventilation center, a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata

Question 21

Chemoreceptors

Answer 21

Neurons contain these in the ventilation center- they are sensitive to CO2

Question 22

Hypercarbia or hypercapnia

Answer 22

High concentration of CO2 in blood, increase in respiratory rate

Question 23

Hypoxemia

Answer 23

Low oxygen concentrations in blood, increasing ventilation rate

Question 24

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 24

Deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration is brought to the lungs from the right ventricle

Question 25

Pulmonary veins

Answer 25

Oxygenated blood with low CO2 leaves the lungs and into the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins

Question 26

O2

Answer 26

O2 in the alveoli flows into the pulmonary capillaries where it can bind to hemoglobin for transport

Question 27

CO2

Answer 27

flows into the capillaries into alveoli for expiration

Question 28

Mucociliary escalator

Answer 28

• Microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator.
• Underlining cilia propel the mucus up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed

Question 29

Lysozyme

Answer 29

In the nasal cavity and saliva, they attack peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

Question 30

Macrophages

Answer 30

Can attack and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system of an invadar

Question 31

Mast cells

Answer 31

Have antibiotics on their surface that, when triggered can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals. Often involved in allergic reactions

Question 32

When pH decreases

Answer 32

Respiratory rate increases, shifting to the left towards CO2 and reducing H+

Question 33

When pH Increases

Answer 33

Respiration rate decreases, shifting to the right to increase H+ concentration

Question 34

Alkalemia

Answer 34

Too basic

Question 35

acidemia

Answer 35

Too acidic

Question 36

Gas Exchange facilitated by

Answer 36

Passive

• Thin alveolar walls
• multiple subdivisions of the respiratory tree (creates large surface area)
• difference in partial pressure of the O2 and CO2

Question 37

Pharynx

Answer 37

Lies behind nasal cavity and oral cavity and common pathway for food entering the digestive system and air entering the respiratory

Question 38

Larynx

Answer 38

Only for air

2 vocal cords