Cell Bio

Question 1

Nucleolus

Answer 1

Subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

Question 2

Lysosomes

Answer 2

Membrane bound structures
Contain hydrolylic enzymes that can break down different substrates and cell waste products
When these enzymes are released autolysis of the cell occurs which leads to apoptosis

Question 3

Rough ER

Answer 3

Studded with ribosomes, that allow translation of proteins that are suppose to be secreted in lumen

Question 4

Smooth ER

Answer 4

Does NOT have ribosomes
Used for lipid synthesis and for the detoxification of certain drugs and poison
transport proteins from the RER to the golgi apprantus

Question 5

Golgi Apparantus

Answer 5

Materials modified, repackaged and transferred

Question 6

Peroxisomes

Answer 6

Contain hydrogen peroxide
Break down long chains of fatty acids via Beta oxidation
Synthesis of phospholipids and enzymes for pentose phosphate pathway

Question 7

Cytoskeleton

Answer 7

Structural support- stability and rigidity and transport pathways
Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

Question 8

Microfillaments

Answer 8

Solid rods of actin
Provide structural protection for cell and can cause muscle contraction through interactions with myosin.
They help form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis

Question 9

Microtubules

Answer 9

• Composed of tubulin
• Create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
• Contribute to the structure of cillia and flagella, where they are organized in a ring with two microtubules at the center (9+2 structure).
• Centrioles are found in centrosomes

Question 10

2 organizing centers for microtubules

Answer 10

Centrosomes

Basal body

Question 11

Intermediate fillaments

Answer 11

Involved in cell-celll adhesion or maintenance of integrity of the cytoskeleton
Help anchor organelles
Examples: keratin and desmin

Question 12

Epithelial Tissues

Answer 12

• covers the body and line its cavities, protecting against pathogen invasion and desiccation. Some epithelial cells absorb or secrete substances or participate in sensation.
• Form Parenchyma
• Polarized

Question 13

Parenchyma

Answer 13

Functional parts of the organ

Epithelial tissues form this

Question 14

Layers in Epithelia

Answer 14

Simple Epithelia - one layer
Stratified Epithelia - many layers
Psuedostatified Epithelia - appear to have many layers because the differences in cell heights, but actually have one layer

Question 15

Epithelia cell shape

Answer 15

Cuboidal cells- cube shaped
Columnar cells- long and narrow
Squamous cells- flat and scale like

Question 16

Connective tissue

Answer 16

• Supports the body and provides framework for epithelial cells
• Stroma

Question 17

Stroma

Answer 17

Support structure by secreting materials to form an extracellular matrix
Connective tissue

Question 18

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 18

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood

Question 19

What group is prokaryotes part of

Answer 19

Archea and bacteria

Question 20

Archea

Answer 20

Single celled
Extremophiles (living in harsh environment)
Chemosynthesis- can use alternate sources of energy

Question 21

How are Archea similar to Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 21

Eukaryotes: Start translation with methionine, contain RNA polymerases and associate DNA with histones

Prokaryotes: Single circular chromosome and divide by binary fission

Question 22

Bacteria

Answer 22

Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm and some have flagella

Question 23

Bacteria Shape

Answer 23

Cocci- Spherical Shape
Bacilli- Rod-shaped
Spirilli- Spiral shaped

Question 24

Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 24

Purple

-Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic acid

Question 25

Gram-Negative bacteria

Answer 25

Pink-red | - Thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan an outer layer of phospholipids and lopopolysaccharides.

Question 26

Cillia

Answer 26

Projection from the cell that allow movement of material along the cell surface such as in the respiratory tract

Question 27

Flagella

Answer 27

Movement of the cell itself; sperm

Question 28

9+2 structure

Answer 28

Cillia and flagella | 9 microtubules in the outer ring and 2 microtubules in the center

Question 29

Shapes of bacteria

Answer 29

Cocci- spherical shape Bacilli- rod shaped Spirilla- spiral shaped

Question 30

Chemotaxis

Answer 30

The ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

Question 31

Prokaryotic flagella made of

Answer 31

Makes up of filament, basal body and hook

Question 32

Virulent factors

Answer 32

Traits that increase how pathogenic a bacteria is such as toxin production- can get through plasmids

Question 33

Episomes

Answer 33

Subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

Question 34

Transformation

Answer 34

A form of recombination in bacteria | Genetic material from the environment can be integrated into bacterial genome

Question 35

Conjugation

Answer 35

Sexual reproduction in bacteria 2 cells forming a conjugated bridge between them that allows for the transfer of genetic material. Unidirectional transfer from donor male to female

Question 36

Transduction

Answer 36

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using bacteriophage as a vector (virus)

Question 37

Teanspoons

Answer 37

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome

Question 38

Bacterial growth phases

Answer 38

Lag phase- bacteria adapt to new local conditions Exponential- growth increases Stationary - resources reduced and growth levels off Death- as resources become insufficient

Question 39

Viruses

Answer 39

No organelles or nucles | Composed of genetic material, protein coat and some have lipids

Question 40

Capsid

Answer 40

Protein coat

Question 41

Virons

Answer 41

Individual virus particles that can be resealed into host cell

Question 42

Bacteriophages

Answer 42

Viruses that specifically target bacteria Don’t enter only eject They contain tail sheath which inject genetic material and tail fibers which allow it to attach to host cell

Question 43

Retroviruses

Answer 43

Are enveloped single stranded RNA virus to which a complementary dna strand is synthesized using reverse transcriptase and then dna integrates into host dna Eg- hiv

Question 44

Lyric cycle

Answer 44

Makes massive number of virons until cell loses. Bacteria in this phase are called virulent

Question 45

Lysogenic

Answer 45

The virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophase and reproduces along with the cell. Then provirus leave the genome at some time in response to a stimuli and enter the lytic cycle